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KNSS 307( Early Motor Development

Spontaneous

movements not caused by known
external stimuli

reflexive

stereotypical responses elicited by specific external stimuli (Clark, 1995)

spontaneous movements

Original theory: extraneous, no purpose
Current theory: building blocks, similar to some voluntary movements

Examples

 Spontaneous arm movements (resemble reaching)

 Spontaneous kicking (resembles adult walking)

infantile reflexes

- Reflexive movements occur quickly after onset of stimuli.
- They involve a single muscle or a specific group of muscles (not whole body).

- Persistence past normal age may indicate neurological problems.

purposes of reflexes

- Built-in responses facilitate survival.
- Reflexes allow “dialogue” with environment.

- Reflexive movements result in sensory consequences

(adaptation).

- Reflexes provide building blocks for future movement.

asymmetrical tonic neck reflex

Infant starts in supine position.
Stimulus: Turn head to one side.

Response: Same-side arm and leg extend.

palmar grasp relex

 Stimulus: Touch palm with finger or object.
 Response: Hand closes tightly around finger or object.

symmetrical tonic neck reflex

 Infant starts in supported sitting position.
 Stimulus: Extend head and neck or flex head and neck.

Response: Arms extend and legs flex, or arms flex and legs

extend.

moro reflex

Infant starts in supine position.
Stimulus: Shake head (e.g., by tapping pillow).

Response: Arms, legs, and fingers extend; then arms and legs flex.

labyrinthine righting reflex

Infant is supported upright.
Stimulus: Tilt infant.

Response: Head moves to stay upright.

stepping reflex

Stimulus: Place soles of feet on flat surface.
Response: Legs move in walking pattern.

later infancy

Voluntary control of movements
Understanding of environment, objects in environment

Meaningful interactions with others

Postural reactions

postural reaction

Postural reactions begin around 4 months.
They help maintain posture in a changing

environment.

Initially they are similar to reflexes, then they are

incorporated into the general repertoire.

derotative righting

 Infant starts in supine position.
 Stimulus: Turn head to one side, or turn legs and pelvis to other

side.

 Response: Body follows head in rotation, or trunk and head follow

in rotation.

parachute

 Infant is held upright.
 Stimulus: Lower infant toward ground rapidly.

Response: Legs and arms extend.

Motor milestones

Fundamental motor skills
 Building blocks (leading to complex motor skills)

 Cumulative, sequential

Specific movements that lead to general actions

rate limiters or controllers

Rate limiters are individual constraints that inhibit or
slow attainment of a motor skill.

They rapidly change during early childhood.

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