Anthro week 3 flashcards
Why do we study primates
Is a way to better understand human evolution/behvaviour
There are significant limitations to human primate analogies
Important to avoid anthropomorphism and understand primates in their own right
Primate taxonomy
Primates are mammels
From Latin "primus"- prime or first rank
About 500 species of primates
What makes a primate
These charastics are not necessarily unique to primates and not all primates necissarily have all the charecteristics listed.
What is suborder strepsirhini?
-Greater sence of smell
-Larger snout than other primates
-Some are noctural
-Mix of claws and nails
-More limited prehensility
-Some lack colour vision
-Smaller brains then Harplorhini
-Most species live Madagascar
(RING TAILED LEMUR)
Suborder Haplorhini
-Worse olfaction
-NO rhinarium
-Better vision
-Rarely nocturnal
-Multiple births are rare
-Larger brains
2 types of haplorhini (Infraorder Platyrrhini)
-Central/south america
-Nose: bascially flat, nostrills flarring outward
-Primarily arboreal
-Prehensile tail
-Exhibit realaitavely little sexual dimorphism
-Tend to be smaller then in Europe, Africa, Asia
(SPIDER MONKEYS)
2 types of haplorhini (Infraorder Catarrhini)
Old world monkeys, apes, humans
-Narrow nose with closely spaced, downward facing nostrills
-Most are arboreal
-Most live in forrests but some live in savannah grassland places
-All have the same dental formula
-Are larger then Platrrrhini on average
-Generally show more sexual dimporphism
BABBOON,GORILLA
2 types of Catarrhini (Superfamily ceropithecoidea)
-Tails (not prehensile)
-Larger than new world monkeys
-More sexual dimorphism
-Smaller bodies, less developed shoulders and smaller brains then Hominoidea
MACAQUE
2 types of Catarrhini (Superfamily Hominoidea)
-No tails
-Larger than cercopithecoidea
-Extended ontogeny
-Latger and more developed brains
-More developed shoulders (allows for brachiation)
ORANGUTA
3 types of HOMINOIDEA
1) Hylobatidae- Includes gibbons/siamangs of South East Asia
2) Pongidae (3 genera, Pongo, Gorilla, Pan)
3) Homininal- Modern humans (homo sapians) and all ancestral humans
Primate Evolution
Occured primary in the Cenozoic era
Primates were all established by the Eocene
Seperation between Catahrini and Platyrrhini becomes clear during the Oligocene
Miocene=emergance and proliferarion of Hominoidea
WEll known primatologists
Jane Goodall (chimps)
Dian Fossey (gorillas)
Birute Galdikas (orangutans)
Primate communcation (Vocal)
Sounds produced primarly by the throat and mouth includes a wide range of hoots, whistltes, grunts ect
Primate communication (gestures)
Arm waving, hugging, kissing, chest beating (gorillas)
Primate social structure
the diverse relationships that exist between individuals, as well of the patterns of interactions that define these relationships
Ex- the ways in which groups form
Affiliative behaviour
Communicate affection and reduce groups tension and encourage stronger associations amoung individuals within group
ex- grooming, sitting close, touching, hugging, patting, kissing, sexual relations
Agressive behaviour
physical displays, bluffs, chest beating, threats, physical contact
killer ape hypothesis
Agression, violence, are the driving forces of human evolution and remain at the core.
-used to rationalize violence based on the idea that we are genetically programmed to be that way but no reserch proves this
Subsistence/DIET:
1)Frugivorous (fruits)
2)Folivourous (leaves)
3)Isectivorous (insects)
Usually a high diversity of foods in the diet of primates
many eat insects but relatively few animals eat other animals
Hunting/meat eating amoung chimps
1)Meat is shared
2)Most often in males
3)Cooperative activety (unusual)
4)Oppurtunistic rather than planned