HHA II Midterm
febrile
the client has a fever
afebrile
no fever is present
pyrogen
a substance that produces fever when introduced to/present in the bloodstream. bacteria often acts as a pyrogen when it invades the body causing infection
tachycardia
a heart rate above 100bpm
bradycardia
a heart rate below 60bpm
arrythmia
an abnormal/irregular heartbeat
asystole
absent pulse due to no contraction of the heart
pulse deficit
an abnormal difference in rate between the radial and apical site
apnea
periods of no breathing. Normal in babies as long as the period does not exceed 15 seconds. Adults frequently have sleep apnea.
tachypnea
respiratory rate above normal range
bradypnea
respiratory rate below normal range
oxygen saturation
the measurement of the % of hemoglobin molecules that are fully bound with O2
SaO2
SaO2 measures O2 saturation in arterial blood directly. accessing arterial blood is invasive and accompanied by risks to the client
Hemoglobin
a protein in red blood cells that carries O2
capillary refill
to assess, press firmly with the top of your finger on the client's nail bed. it should turn white. let go and it should take 1-3 seconds to refill
dial/guage
the cord on the cuff holds the dial/gauge. you will inflate the cuff to the desired value on the dial and then very slowly open the valve to deflate the cuff at a steady pace. the dial has lines worth 2mmHg each
auscultatory gap
clients with peripheral perfusion problems can sometimes have a gap where the sounds are present, then disappear briefly, then return. Avoid confusion of where the sounds really start by inflating to ~30mmHg above their typical systole.
karatkoff sounds
there are 5 referred to as 'phases'. Phases 1 and 5 are most important and are documented as the systolic and diastolic pressure
valve
the metal wheel at the top if the bulb that controls air going in and out of the cuff
factors affecting blood pressure
- age
- sex
- family history
- weight
- race/ethnicity
- smoking
- circadian cycle
- stress
- emotional state
- diet
- medications
- position
- exercise
- SDoH
circulating volume
less volume circulating, less volume to exert force on the walls of the arteries
hypotension
BP below normal
hypertension
BP above normal
peripheral vascular resistance
there is resistance if the walls are thickened or stiff due to arterial disease, or if the vessels are narrowed due to buildup of fatty plaques inside. this raises blood pressure