Last section of soc
THE definition
-Times Higher Education
-World Univeristy Rankings
Education and society
Sociologist have closely examined the degree to which education succeeds in providing social order and individual oppurtunity.
Conflict theory and feminsism prespective on Education
Hidden school costs and hidden curriculam
CORRESPONDANCE PRINCIPLE (Samual Bowles and Herbert Gints
Streaming (tracking) definition
The practice of placing students in spesific curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores and other criteria
Credentialism definition
refers to the common practice of relaying earned credentials when hiring staff or assignng social status
Symbolic interactionsm prespective on Education
-Construction of meaning in the classroom
-Power differentilals in the classroom
-Teachers prespectives affect student outcomes and self perceptions
Deviance and Crime (Objective)
Behaviour that violates the standerds of conduct or expections of a group or society
High consensus deviance definition
Everyone can agree that these acts are horrible. High public agreeance (Mass shootings)
Low consensus deviance
Smaller degree of agreeance ex- gambling or swearing
Objective deviance examples
Harm- Drugs, driving on the wrong side of the road
Normative Violation- Premarital sex, not saying thank you after a service
Statistical Rarity- Jail would be considered devient but being left handed would not
Negative societal reaction- Murder is consdiered bad but killing in war may not seen devient
Deviance (subjective)
-The changing social construction of deviance
-Individuals or groups with the greatest status/power define what is acceptable and what is deviant
-People have different ideas about what counts as deviance and the seriousness of these various deviant acts
Milgrams expatiment (Social Control)
He found that people tend to obey and follow instructions from people
Our responses to legitimate authority, confiming obedient behaviours to law due to socialization
Conformity def
The act of going along with peers-indivuals of our own satus who have no special right to direct our bahvaiour
Obediance def
compliance with higher authorites in a hierarchy structure
Informal Social Control
Control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, gestures and ridicule
Formal Social Control
Control that is carried out by authorized agents such as police, judges, employers, school admin
Crime def
violation of law for which some governmetal authority applies formal penelties- high consensus devience
How much crime is there?
-Overrepersentaion of violence in the media
-Moral panic
-Public preception is important because it influences the polices governments enact
-Public pressure to act on preceptions might be counter productive inneffective
Limitations of crime statistics
Statistics only include crimes reported to law enforcement.
White collar crime def
Edwin Sutherland defined the term as "crimes commited by a person of resoectability and high social status in the course of his occupation"
-Occupational and cooperate crimes (Marshell B. Clinard, Richard Quinney (1973)
Organized crime def
Continuiny crinimal enterprise that rationally works to profit from illicit activites that are often in great public demand.
Existance is maintained through corruption of public offcials and the use of intimidation, threats or force to protect its opperations
Victimless crime def
term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange amoung adults of widely desired but illegal goods/services
Functionalism (deviance and crime)
Emile Durkheim
Viewed crime as a normal part of a well functioning society and crime serves several society funtions
Strain theory
Robert Merton
Strain is a gap between societys culturally defined goals and uneven distribution of these means nessesary to achieve those goals. Trying to understand why individuals engage in devient behaviours
5 ways to respnd to strain theory
1-Conformity- chose not to be deviant. try their best to achieve their goals in a socially accepted way
2-Innovation- Use devient, socially unnacceptable ways to achieve goals ex- stealing
3-Ritualism- people give up their goals but still go through the motions of life until they have means to achieve it
4-Retreatlism- reject both homeless/ beggers
5-Rebillion- reject both goals but replace goals with own goals to achieve ex- terrosism
Social control theory
Travis W. Hirchi
Explains how weak social contol in society may lead individuals to commit criminal or devient acts
Social control works through the social bond of individual developed between the indivudual and larger society
Post moderism views on deviance:
Power is invisable and unverifiable
Survalliance and social control
Micheal Foucault -Panopticon
Factors posing enviomental challaneges:
Human Overpopulation
Industerization/ urbanization
Overconsumption of resources
Ecological overshoot def
The ecological foorprint for humanity is 1.5 planets
3 ways populations growth is affected
1-Fertility (going down in industerilazed countries)
2-Mortality (death in various groups, health, water shelter)
3-Migration
Thomas Malthus
Population checks must prevent the popuation from exceeding the human carrying capasity
Population checks
1-Moral restraint- people must practice abstance before marriage (Dont have more chidren than you can support)
2-Distaster (famine/war/disease)
URBANIZATION
Requires land and other non renewable resources
Consequences of Urban Sprawl:
Huge use of agriculture land
Vehicles increase carbon admission
Reduce walkability (safety, weather)
Causes of Urban Sprawl
Heavy dependance on cars
Desire for cheeeper homes
Alot of things are available online (shopping,bank, movies)
Overconsumption of resources
Resources are used at a rate that exceeds sustainability
Disposable society
Planned obsolenscene
THE SEVEN SINS OF GREENWASHING
1-Vagueness
2-No proof
3-Hidden Tradeoff
4-Fibbing
5-Lesser of 2 evils
6-Irrelvence
7-Worshipping false labels
Enviomentalism definition
political and ethical movement that seeks to improve and protect the quality of the natural environmemt through changes to environmentally harmful human activites
First wave of environemtalism
Focas on polution as a result of industrilization
Second wave femisnism
much larger global issues than 1st wave. Changing climate, water crisis and wildlife
The Candian case of Grassy Narrows
Study generated valuabale insights but it failed to question the roles of Reed Pulp and paper company and government
Conflict theory prespective on environment:
Environmental problems negatvely affect the poor more often and more severe than the rich
Feminist prespective on environment:
Ecofeminism- links destruction of environmet with gender inequality
Functionalism prespective on environment:
Environmetal problems result naturally from population growth, denstity and specialization
Symbolic interactionism prespective on environment:
Manipulate symbols to avoid critisism
What is an ideogoly
System of ideas and ideals especilly one that forms the basis of social, poltical or economic poicy or protest
Poltics def
Process by which individuals and groups act to promote their interest. Distributing and excersising power
Antonio Gramsci:
Marxist in the 20th century
-Ideology makes people follow things and ideology is very tied to hygemoney
Munlinational corperations
commeicial organization that is headquarted in one country but operates in several countries
Power-
Ability to excerise ones will over others even if they resist (weber)
Three basic sources of power in any political system
1- Force- Actual and threatened use of cororsion. Physical or not
2-Influence- Pursuation as a form of power
3-Authority- Institutionalized power to subject people (degitimate power)
Authority def
Institutionaized power that is recognized by the people of whom it is excercized
BAVA THEORY-
1- Traditional- Legitimate power conferred by custom and accepted practice. Loyalty reenforces authority
2- Rational legal- authority based on formally agreed upon and accepted rules, principles and procedures of conduct established to accomplish goals effeciently
3- Charismatic- Power made legitimate by a leader exceptional personal or emotional appeal to his or her followers
Social movement-
Social movements are sustained challenges to existing holders of power in the name of a wronged population
Elements of social movements (Charles Tilly)
-Involve sustained challenge
-Engage those with power
-Represent a wronged population
-Disrupt the daily routines of power holders
-WUNC- Worthiness, unity, numbers, committed
Collective bahaviour-
Group behaviour that is relatively spontaneous, unstructed, unconventional. May occur in localized crowds or in more dispersed forms
Conflict theory on Politics and movement
create false conciousness
"American Dream"
Marxist thinks that working class leads to social revoultion to rebel
Gramsy said this is a very pervasive system
Maintain status quo of system
Hegemony-
Participatry in social movements as a way to participate in government
Social movements-
The strength of social movemnts
Worthiness
Unity
Numbers
Commitement
Dispersed collective behvaiour-
1-Fads- temporary, highly popular social patterns, activites, hobbies, collectables
2-Fashions- Longer lasting, popukar social patterns usually involving clothing and accessories
3-Rumours- Unsubstained stories about people or events distorted overtime
4-Moral panic
Contagion Theory
Gustave Lebon
Crowd behaviour is irrational and rapid dissemination of mood impulse and bahaviour ex. Van city stanley cup riots
Convergance Theory
Crowd bahaviour is rational. Those who decide to participate in collective behavior in crowds are there because they are ready to manifest the kinds of behaviours crowds will engage in
Emergant Norm Theory
-New norms emerge in unique situations
-Crowd members create justifications for new norms
Resource mobalization theory
-Explains movement success in terms of the ability to acquire resources and mobalize individuals
-Moral, cultural, human and material resources