biology
what is carrying capacity
maximum number of individuals an environment can support sustainably
what is an ecosystem
community of organisms and their physical envirojment inyeracting together
what is mutation
a random change in the DNA sequence of an organism, causing new phenotypes. usually caused by an error in mitosis or meiosis proccess.
what is natural selection
begins with variations amongst individuals and acts on an already existing mutation, leaving the offspring with advantageous traits to help it live longer. DOES NOT DEVELOP. over generations, it causes a change in populations, helping species adapt.
what is gene drift
when some traits of a species slowly decrease over time and eventually disappear/ go extinct. similar to bottleneck effect
gene pool
collection of all forms of genes/alleles in a population of a particular species. ALL DIFFERENT VARIATIONS OF THE GENE MAKE UP THE GENE POOL.
what is the chemocal equation of photosynthesis
6CO(2) + 6H(2)O + light energy ➡️ C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2)
what is the photosynthesis chemical equation in words
carbon dioxide + water + light energy ➡️ glucose + oxygen
what is the chemical equation for cellular respiration
C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2)➡️6O(2)+6H(2)O+ATP(energy)
what is the chemical eqution for cellular respiration in words
glucose+oxygen➡️carbon dioxide+water+energy(ATP)
what is a homologous structure
same structure but different function
what os an analagous structure
different structure but same function
homologous structures use divergent evolution
true
analogous structure use convergent evolution
true
what is a taxon
any classifactory group
the taxa with the highest diversity amongst its organisms is species
false, highest diversity is kingdom. least diversity is species,
how many chromosomes do chimpanzees have?
48
what is a binomial naming system?
2 words, with genus coming first starting with an uppercase letter, and species second, starting with a lower case letter
what is the order of classification
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
the classification order is specifoc to general
false
what factors promote natural selection
mutation, sexual reprpduction, overpopulation of offspring, environmental changes. FOR CHANGES TO OCCUR, TRAITS MUST BE HERITABLE
compare and contrast carbon source vs carbon sink
a carbon source is an organism that produces carbon and a carbon sink uses/absorbs carbon
what is biomass
the mass of all the organisms in a specific trophic level.
compare and contrast a food chain vs a food web
food chain represents the linear sequence of chemical energy (using arrows) through the trophic levels in an ecosystem. A food web shows how many consumers feed on more than one species and are eaten by more than one species.
what is energy (3 letters)
ATP
what is incomplete consumption
when organisms in a trophic level arent entirely consumed by organisms in the higher trophic level (ex: bones, hair) and the energy from these compounds are lost. Saprotrophs and Detritivores consume these and nutrients are recycled
what is incomplete digestion
when not all the parts of the food are ingested or absorbed (fibrous matter that contains cellulose) this comes put on feces and is passed on to saprotrophs and detritivores
what is cell respiration
when waste, carbon dioxide, and water cannot supply energy to the next trophic level, therefore there is less energy flow to each successive trophic level
what is heat loss
when autotrophs and heterotrophs convert some of their chemical energy into heat
what is codominance
pairs of alleles that both affect the phenotype and are shown in the heterozygote
what is a carrier
an individual that has a recessive allele of a gene that doesnt affect their phenotype
what is pure breeding
when individuals of the same phenotype produce an offspring that also have the same phenotype
describe mitosis
mitosis is the process of cell division. before mitosis begins, during interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated, forming sister chromatids joined at a centromere. in prophase, the chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibres form at the centromere. During metaphase, the chromosomes line up at the equator, and spindle fibres attach to their centromeres. in anaphase, the spindle fibres shorten and pull the sister chromatids apart towards opposite poles lf the cell. in telophase, the chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin, nuclear membranes reform around each set lf chromosomes, and spindle fibres disappear. finally cytokinesis makes cytoplasm divide, resulting in 2 identical daughter cells, with the same number pf chromosomes as the parent cell
describe meiosis
meiosis creates 4 haploid gametes each with half the number of chromosomes as the original diploid cell. before meiosis starts, the DNA is copied during interphase. In meiosis 1, homologous chromosomes pair up and cross over, mixing genetic material. then the pairs are pulled apart and the cell divides into two haploid cells. In meiosis 2, the sister chromatids in each cell are seperated, similar to mitosis. this results in 4 genetically different haploid cells.
similarities of mitosis and meiosis
both go through prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
both involve seperation of chromosomes using spondle fobres
both processes divide cells
both begin with DNA replication in interphase
differences between mitosis and meiosis
- mitosis has 1 divisioj, meiosis has 2
- mitosis is asexual, meiosis is sexual
- mitosis creates diploid, meiosos creates haploid
- mitosis has no genetic variation, meiosis does have genetic variation
- crossing does not occur in mitosis but it does in meiosis