Unit 7: Key terms A and P
Adult Skeleton
206 bones, some people can have more or less
Extra bones
sutural bones in sutures between major skull bones, small sesamoid bones in tendons
Axial Skeleton (80)
Skull, middle ear bones, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage
Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs
Condyle
rounded process that usually articulates with another bone
Crest
narrow, ridge-like projection
Epicondyle
projection situated above a condyle
Facet
small, nearly flat surface
Fissure
cleft or groove
Fontanel
soft spot in the skull, where membranes cover the space between bones
Foramen
opening through a bone that usually serves as a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments
Fossa
relatively deep pit or depression
Fovea
tiny pit or depression
Head
enlargement on the end of a bone
Linea
narrow ridge
Meatus
tube-like passageway within a bone
Process
prominent projection on a bone
Ramus
branch or similar extension
Sinus
cavity within a bone
Spine
thorn-like projection
Sulcus
furrow or groove
Suture
interlocking line of union between bones
Trochanter
relatively large process
Tubercle
knob-like process
Tuberosity
knob-like process usually larger than a tubercle
The skull
22 bones typically, interlocked along sutures, expect the jaw(mandible), = cranium +facial skeleton
Cranium
8 bones, encloses and protects brain
Facial skeleton
14 bones, forms shape of face
Frontal bone
forehead, roof of nasal cavity, roof of orbits, frontal sinuses, superorbital foramen
Parietal Bones (2)
sides and roof of cranium, sagittal suture, coronal suture
Occipital bone
back of skull, base of cranium, foramen magnum, occipital condyles, lamboid suture
Temporal Bones (2)
sides and base of cranium, floors, and sides of orbits, squamous suture, external acoustic meatus, mandibular fossa, mastoid process, styloid process, zygomatic process, zygomatic arch
Sphenoid bone
base of cranium, sides of skull, floor and sides of orbits, sella tunica, sphenoid sinuses, greater and lesser wings
Ethmoid bone
in front of sphenoid, rook, and walls of the nasal cavity, the floor of cranium, wall of orbits, cribriform plates, perpendicular plate, superior and middle nasal conchae, ethmoid air cells, Cristen Galli
Cranial sutures
coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid
Facial Skeleton: Maxillae (maxillary bones (2))
upper jaw, anterior roof of mouth (hard palate), sides and floors of nasal cavity, alveolar processes, maxillary sinuses, palatine processes
Facial Skeleton: Palatine Bones (2)
L-shaped bones located behind the maxillae, posterior section of hard palate, floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity
Facial Skeleton: Zygomatic bones (2)
prominences of cheeks, lateral walls and floor of orbits, temporal process, zygomatic arch
Facial Skeleton: Lacrimal Bones (2)
medial walls of orbits, groove from orbit to nasal cavity for tears
Facial skeleton: Nasal Bones (2)
bridge of nose
Facial Skeleton: Vomer bone
along midline of nasal cavity, inferior portion of nasal septum
Facial Skeleton: Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
scroll-shaped bones, extend from lateral walls of nasal cavity, largest of the conchae
Facial Skeleton: Mandible
lower jawbone, horseshoe-shaped body, ramus, mandibular condyle, coronoid process, alveolar process, mandibular foramen, mental foramen
Infantile skull: fontanels(soft spots)
fibrous membranes connect cranial bones, where intramembranous ossification is incomplete
4 fontanels in infantile skull
anterior, posterior, anterolateral, posterolateral
Vertebral Column
forms the vertical axis of skeleton consists of many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous intervertebral discs, and connected by ligaments, supports the head and trunk, permits several types of movements, protects the spinal cord in the vertebral canal, 33 separate bones in infant, 26 in adult
4 Curvatures of Vertebral Column
cervical curvature (secondary), thoracic curvature (primary), lumbar curvature (secondary), sacral curvature (primary)
Vertebral Column consists of:
7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 fused sacral vertebrae from sacrum, 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae from coccyx
Typical vertebra parts
body, pedicles, laminae, spinous process, transverse processes, vertebral foramen, facets, superior and inferior articular processes
Cervical Vertebrae
7 in the neck region, smallest vertebrae, transverse foramina, bifid spinous process (on C2 and C6)
Cervical Vertebrae: Atlas
C1 supports the head
Cervical Vertebrae: Axis
C2 pivots around the dens
Thoracic Vertebrae
12 in chest region, larger than cervical vertebrae, articulate with ribs, long, pointed spinous process
Lumbar Vertebrae
5 in small of neck, large bodies, thick, short spinous processes, weight-bearing, spinous processes are thick, almost horizontal
Sacrum
triangular structure at base of vertebral column, typically 5 fused vertebrae, medial sacral crest, sacral foramen, forms sacroiliac joints, sacral canal
Coccyx
tailbone, usually 4 fused vertebrae, fuse between ages 25 and 30
Thoracic Cage
Includes the ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and the costal cartilage that attach the ribs to the sternum, protect thoracic and upper abdominal viscera, role in breathing
Ribs
humans have 12 pairs of ribs: true ribs (7), false ribs (3), floating ribs (lower 2 pairs of false ribs)
True Ribs
(1-7), attach directly to the sternum
False Ribs
(8-10), attach to the 7th costal cartilage
Floating Ribs
11-12, no anterior attachment
Rib Structure: Shaft
main portion: long and slender
Rib Structure: Head
posterior end, articulates with vertebrae (body)
Rib Structure: Tubercle
articulates with vertebra (transverse process)
Rib Structure: Costal Cartilage
hyaline cartilage: connects rib to sternum
Sternum (Breastbone)
3 parts: manubrium, body, xiphoid process, articulates with costal cartilages and clavicles
Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
consists of 2 clavicles and 2 scapulae, supports upper limbs
Clavicles (collarbones)
s-shaped, articulate with manubrium and scapulae, brace the scapulae, which are freely movable
Scapulae (shoulder blades)
spine, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, acromion process, coracoid process, glenoid fossa or cavity
Upper limb bones
the framework of the upper arm, forearm hand, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Humerus
the only bone of the upper arm, head, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, anatomical neck, surgical neck, deltoid tuberosity, capitulum (lateral condyle), trochlea (medial condyle), lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle
Radius
lateral forearm bone, shorter than ulna, head, radial tuberosity, styloid process, ulnar notch
Ulna
medial forearm bone, trochlear notch (u-shaped), olecranon process, coronoid process, radial notch, head (at the distal end)
Hand
each hand consists of the wrist, palm, and fingers(digits) (27 bones)
Carpal (wrist) 8 bones
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium
Metacarpal (Hand)
5 bones
Phalanges (finger bones) 14
proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx
Pelvic Girdle
consists of 2 coxal bones (hip or pelvis bones)
Pelvis
pelvic girdle+ sacrum+ coccyx, supports trunk of body, protects viscera, transmits weight to lower limbs, provides attachment for lower limbs
Hip bones
also called coxal bones, each hip bone consists of 3 fused bones
Ilium
largest, most superior part, iliac crest, iliac spines, greater sciatic notch
Ischium
L-shaped, lowest part, supports weight while sitting, ischial spines, ischial tuberosity
Pubis
anterior portion, pubic symphysis, pubic arch
Acetabulum
depression for head of femur, all 3 fused bones
False (Upper/Greater) Pelvis
superior to pelvic brim, lumbar vertebrae posteriorly, iliac bones laterally, abdominal wall anteriorly, helps support abdominal organs
True (Lower, Lesser) Pelvis
inferior to pelvic brim, sacrum and coccyx posteriorly, lower ilium, ischium, and pubic bones laterally and anteriorly
Female Pelvis
functions as birth canal, iliac bones more flared, broader hips than male, pelvis cavity wider than male, pubic arch angle greater, more distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities, sacral curvature shorter and flatter, lighter in weight
Male Pelvis
less flared, heavier in weight
Lower limb bones
form framework of each thigh, leg, and foot, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Femur (thigh bone)
the longest bone of body, head, fovea capitis, neck, greater trochanter, less trochanter, linea aspera, medial and lateral condyles, medial and lateral epicondyles
Patella (kneecap)
flat sesamoid bone, located in the quadriceps tendon, anterior surface of the knee joint, helps with lever actions with movement of lower limbs
Tibia (shin bone)
larger of 2 leg bones, lies medial to the fibula, condyles at the proximal end, tibial tuberosity is the attachment site for patellar ligament, anterior crest, medial malleolus
Fibula
lateral side of tibia, long, slender bone, head, lateral malleolus, non-weight bearing
Tarsal (ankle) bone 7
calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, medial cuneiform
Metatarsal (foot) bone
5 bones
Phalanges (toe bones) 14
proximal, middle, distal
Foot: calcaneus
the large heel bone
Foot: talus
lies just inferior to the tibia, and allows the foot to pivot up and down
Tarsal bones mnemonic
tall (talus), camels (calcaneus), never (navicular), consume (3 cuneiforms, medial, intermediate, lateral), cubes (cuboid)