CHYS 2P10 Midterm Flashcards
L1: who were the two main philosophers in developmental psychology?
plato and aristotal
L1: what did Plato believe?
- ideal versions of concepts
- believed in Nativism: people are born with all the innate knowledge that they will need over time
L1: What did Aristotle believe?
- deals with info that can be learned
- no underlying mechanisms that we are born with
- knowledge comes through experience
L1: was there such thing as "childhoods" in history? (like in medival times)
true
- wooden horse toy escavated from ancient egypt
L1: were children mourned and grieved in the past?
yes
- despite child and infant mortality being high (before they were 5 or first year) they were still mourned and grieved, missed.
L1: What are the seven overarching course and developmental science themes?
1. nature vs. nurture
2. the active child
3. continuity/discontinuity
4. mechanisms of change
5. sociocultural context
6. individual differences
7. child welfare
L1: What is science and the steps of the scientific method?
Science: a method of understanding the physical (and mental) world. Looking at what you can measure, what you can know, what you can predict, what you can understand
The scientific method: question, hypothesis, method, data to test (then cycle repeats)
L1: three types of study:
1. Experimental study
2. Correlational study
3. Descriptive study
L1: what are the three developmental designs used in experiments?
1. Cross-sectional
2. Longitudinal
3. Sequential
L1: why do we need research in child development?
- to expand theoretical explanations
- help inform policy and interventions
- improve parenting, teaching, skills
- create stronger functioning members of society for the future
L2: what is development?
- progressive series of changes in structure, functions and behaviour patterns that occur over a lifespan
L2: what are the main points and ideas of Freud?
- "father of psychoanalysis"
- emphasis on personality
- components of personality: Id (unconscious), Superego (conscience, moral standards), Ego (solve discrepancy between both, sense of self)
- Stages of Psychosexual development: encountering conflicts that they either resolve or don't
- Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital
L2: main points and ideas from Erikson?
- emphasis on identity
- stages of psychosocial development:
- trust vs mistrust
- autonomy vs. shame/doubt
- initiative vs. guilt
- industry vs. inferiority
- identity vs. confusion
- intimacy vs. isolation
- generativity vs. stagnation
- integrity vs. despair
- 1st person to talk about identity crisis
L2: two "behavioural" theories?
1. Pure behaviourism= behaviour is the ONLY thing that matters
2. Social behaviourism= behaviour works through + with individual & their environment
L2: Watson's contributions?
- we should study behaviour not the mind
- Little Albert experiment -> happy child, turned him afraid of white rats and other similar objects
L2: B.F. Skinner's contributions?
- attention is a powerful reinforcer
- intermittent reinforcement makes it difficult to extinguish behaviour (social media as an example)
- behaviour modification therapy -> reinforcement changed to encourage more adaptive behaviour
L2: Bandura?
- learning is social
- emphasis on observationa and imitation
- context mattters
- learning through direct models and indirect models
Social Learning theory:
- reciprocal determinism: child and environment bidirectionally influence each other
ex.) Bobo doll as an example
L2: Piaget's contributions and ideas?
- schemas
- stages of cognitive development:
1. Sensorimotor: object permanance
2. Preoperational: egocentrism
3. Concrete Operational: mastery of conservation
4. Formal Operation: abstract thinking
L3: what is evolution?
- theory to explain the diversity and divsersity of all living things
- has more supporting evidence than the theory of gravity
L3: what are the five components of Darwin's theory of natural selection?
1. More offspring are born than survive to reproduce
2. Individuals vary on different traits
3. Certain traits are more likely to be passed on to offspring (via genes)
4. Offspring likely to inherit those traits
5. Environmental conditions change, leading to new species
L3: what is genotype vs. phenotype?
Genotype: inherited genetic material
Phenotype: observable expression of the genotype (physical and behavioural)
L3: three mechanisms contributing to genetic diversity?
1. Mutations: changes in sections of DNA caused by random or environmental factors
2. Random Assortment: shuffling of 23 pairs of chromosomes in egg/sperm
3. Crossing Over: process by which sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to another during meiosis, increasing genetic variability
L3: Polygenetic Inheritance?
- when traits are governed by more than one gene
- applies to most traits and behaviors of interest to behavioural scientists
L3: the development of the brain
1. Proliferation (neurogenesis)
2. Migration (new neurons move to their location
3. Differentiation (generic neurons become specialized)
4. Synaptogenesis (creation of trillions of connections between neurons)
5. Cell death and synaptic pruning (neurons and synapses die off if they are not used)
6. Synaptic rearrangement (strengthening of pre-existing synapses and neurons)
L3: key points from lecture
1. evolution is a key theory in understanding our development
2. the phenotype that is expressed by different genotypes is often environement dependant
3. many traits/behaviours/diseases are genetically based
4. nature and nurture cooperate in the construction of the human brain
L4: Processes of Development (3)
1. Assimilation: incorporation of new information
2. Accomodation: re-arranging of previous schemas
3. Equilibrium: process of keeping balance between assimilation and accommodation
L4: what are schemas?
- basic mental framework, developed w/ ongoing interactions w/ concepts, people, objects, situations
L4: what is meta-attention?
- the knowledge of one's attentional/concentration/focus ability
- reaches adult capacity by around age 8
- helpful in maintaining selective attention (focusing on what's important)
L4: sensory memory? Working (short-term) memory? Long-term memory?
Sensory- unattended info is quickly lost
Working (short-term): actively attending to, maintaining, processing, unrehearsed info is quickly lost
Long-term: info retained, some memory may be lost over time
L4: Implicit vs. Explicit Memory
Implicit memory: unconscious, automatic (reading, singing)
- develops earlier and observed in animals
- matures fast
Explicit memory: intentionally remembered and recalled, consciously work to remember
- depends on language -> therefore culturally influenced
L4: Metamemory?
metamemory: knowledge of one's memory capacity in terms of size, speed, accuracy
ex.) pre-school children tend to over-estimate their metamemory
L5: what is the progression on language development? (6 steps)
1. crying (0-4 mths)
2. cooing/babbling (4-12 mths)
3. Initial words (12-18 mths)
4. two-word sentences (18-36 mths)
5. short sentences (2.5-5 yrs)
6. adult usage (5+)
L5: what are the two components of langauge? Phonemes and Morphemes?
Phonemes: smallest unit of MEANINGFUL SOUND (ex. the r in rake that makes it rake vs lake)
Morpheme: smallest unit of MEANING (ex. dog=1, dogs=2)
L5: what are the 5 aspects of language development? (Please.My.Sister.Said.Please)
1. Phonological development
2. Morphological development
3. Syntactic development
4. Semantic development
5. Pragmatic development
L5: what is the holophrastic period?
- 9-18 months of age
- they can start to say single words
- because they have learned the first 50 most common or important words
L5: overextension vs. under extension of words?
Overextension: overly broad interpretation of meaning of a word
Underextension: overly narrow interpretation of meaning of a word
textbook: In recent decades, researchers have come to the conclusion that, after infancy, most developmental changes occur _________________
gradually
textbook: In the context of mechanisms of developmental change, the study of the development of “effortful attention” provides insights into ________________________________________
- continuous versus discontinuous development
- the role of brain activity, genes, and learning experiences
- the complexity of the child’s sociocultural environment
- the role of the researcher in judging the validity of a study.
continuous versus discontinuous development
textbook: By administering the same test to the same group of participants under similar conditions two or more times, a researcher can measure ______________ reliability.
test-retest reliability
textbook: The experience that children in an experimental group receive—and which children in a control group do not receive—is referred to as the __________________.
independent variable
textbook: A team of researchers is studying whether stable individual differences exist in sleeping behaviour at various ages. They decide to test 3-month-olds, 6-month-olds, and 9-month-olds. What type of design are they using to examine this question?
cross-sectional
textbook: Studies have shown that children’s testimony is usually accurate when which of the following conditions are met?
- The interviewer does not ask leading questions
- One of the child’s parents is present
- The child and the interviewer are alone when the testimony is given
- The child is repeatedly prompted during the interview.
the interviewer does not ask leading questions
textbook: What is meta-analysis?
- The reproduction of a past study in order to confirm or debunk the results
- A philosophical exploration of an experiment or case study
- A method for combining and analyzing the results from several independent studies
- A list of all published articles related to a specific area of research
A method for combining and analyzing the results from several independent studies
textbook: The “turtle shell” technique is an example of a successful intervention that helps preschoolers cope with what?- - The sense of isolation
- Feelings of embarrassment
- Bullying from peers
- Their own anger
their own anger
textbook: The first signs of superego development appear during which stage of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?
a. The oral stage
b. The anal stage
c. The phallic stage
d. The genital stage
the phallic stage
textbook: Which of the following best describes a parenting style influenced by Watson’s theories?
a. Rigid and strict
b. Overprotective
c. Permissive
d. Child-centred
a. Rigid and strict
textbook: According to Skinner, everything we do in life is an operant response influenced by
a. the immediate sociocultural context
b. the outcomes of past behaviour
c. the behaviour of peers
d. behaviour modification.
b. the outcomes of past behaviour
textbook: Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrated
a. the pleasure principle
b. vicarious reinforcement
c. operant conditioning
d. basic trust versus mistrust.
b. vicarious reinforcement
textbook: What is the term used to describe the study of behaviour within an evolutionary context?
a. Ethology
b. Biology
c. Sociology
d. Mesosystem
a. Ethology
textbook: Lisa’s peers are picking on her at recess because she wears glasses. Which level of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model is affecting Lisa?
a. The macrosystem
b. The exosystem
c. The microsystem
d. The mesosystem
c. the microsystem
textbook: Which level of Bronfenbrenner’s model would account for how changes in a society’s customs over time affect the development of a child?
a. The macrosystem
b. The exosystem
c. The chronosystem
d. The mesosystem
c. the chronosystem
textbook: Media use and exposure can impact an individual on every level of the bioecological model. Which of the following would represent an intervention at the mesosystem?
a. National policies directed at limiting access by young children to violent media
b. The installation of educational video games within the classroom
c. The development of increasingly effective security measures for digital devices
d. Watching an R-rated movie
c. The development of increasingly effective security measures for digital devices
textbook: Of the four broad theoretical frameworks for social development presented in this chapter, which group places the most emphasis on the importance of the child’s knowledge and beliefs?
a. Psychoanalytic theories
b. Learning theories
c. Social cognition theories
d. Ecological theories
c. social cognition theories
textbook: Jiyeon has red hair, green eyes, and freckles. He is very active but shy. These characteristics are a reflection of Marcus’s
a. dominant genes
b. recessive genes
c. genotype
d. phenotype.
d. phenotype
textbook: The points at which neurons communicate with one another are called
a. synapses
b. glial cells
c. dendrites
d. myelin sheaths.
a. synapses
textbook: Rats that are raised in cages with toys develop more dendritic spines and more synapses per neuron than rats raised in cages without this stimulation. The different responses in the brains of these two groups of rats provide an example of which biological process?
a. Sensitive periods
b. Experience-expectant plasticity
c. Experience-dependent plasticity
d. Neurogenesis
c. Experience-dependent plasticity
textbook: Belle is 3 years old. She loves bananas and other yellow foods, but when her father places a piece of broccoli, which she has never eaten, on her plate, she closes her mouth and refuses to open it. Belle is demonstrating
a. undernutrition
b. associative learning.
c. experience-expectant plasticity
d. food neophobia.
d. food neophobia
textbook: Which of the following is not a function of glial cells?a. Conduct electrical signals away from one neuron and to another
b. Guide neurons to their final destinations within the growing brain
c. Aid in the regeneration of neurons following injury
d. Support the formation of myelin sheaths around axons.
a. Conduct electrical signals away from one neuron and to another
textbook: According to information-processing theories, the ability to encode, store, and retrieve information is referred to as
- memory
- rehearsal
- metacognition
- retrieval
a. memory
textbook: Sociocultural theories emphasize the child’s
a. individual action in his or her environment.ability to self-regulate his or her learning
b. direct interactions with others
c. automatization of basic skills to promote new learning.
b. direct interactions with others
textbook: Jamal is walking with his mother. He taps her on the arm, points to an animal, and says, “Doggie!” This is an example of .
a. social scaffolding
b. joint attention
c. cultural tools
d. directed learning
b. joint attention
textbook: According to Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, young children will often talk aloud to themselves as a means of controlling their behaviour. This is referred to as _______________ speech.
a. external
b. egocentric
c. directional
d. private
d. private
textbook: Although Piaget argues that infants younger than 8 months fail the A-not-B error test due to a lack of object permanence, proponents of dynamic-systems theories argue their failure is
a. due to a combination of habit, memory demands, and focus of attention.
b. influenced by the infant’s motor abilities.
c. caused by an infant’s fragile attachment to the hidden object
d. influenced by infant fatigue.
a. due to a combination of habit, memory demands, and focus of attention.
textbook: The understanding of the cultural contexts of language—including shifts in tone and body language, which allow two strangers who speak the same language to successfully communicate—is known as ______________knowledge
a. semantic
b. syntactic
c. pragmatic
d. phonological
c. pragmatic
textbook: Which of the following statements is not true of infant-directed speech (IDS)?
a. The exaggerated tone and pitch of IDS is often accompanied by exaggerated facial expressions
b. Infants tend to prefer infant-directed speech to adult-directed speech
c. Evidence suggests that IDS is a universal practice across all cultures
d. Infant-directed signing has similar attributes to infant-directed speech but in the visual modality.
c. Evidence suggests that IDS is a universal practice across all cultures -> this one is NOT true
textbook: Thirteen-month-old Christian calls all men “Dad.” This is an example of ______________
a. pragmatic learning
b. syntactic bootstrapping
c. mapping
d. overextension
d. overextension
textbook: Two-year-old Ravi goes to the zoo with his mother. Even though he has never heard of a giraffe or seen one before, when his mother points to an animal and calls it a “giraffe,” Ravi then calls that animal a giraffe. This exchange demonstrates Ravi’s use of __________
a. pragmatic cues
b. cross-situational word learning
c. language mixing
d. telegraphic speech
a. pragmatic cues
textbook: Preschoolers Ahmed and Max are talking together. Ahmed says that his father is old. Max says that he likes cars. Ahmed says that his father is probably more than 10 years old. Max says that he likes blue cars the best. According to Piaget, Ahmed and Max are engaging in ________________
a. babbling
b. private speech
c. dual representation
d. collective monologues
d. collective monologues
textbook: Chomsky’s proposition that humans are born with an understanding of the basic principles and rules that govern all language is known as __________________
a. mutual exclusivity theory
b. the behaviourist theory of language development
c. Universal Grammar
d. the connectionist model
c. Universal Grammar