ecology
how is carbon dioxide mostly retirned yo yhe air?
cellular respiration by consumers and combustion
where is nitrogen fixation cartied out
bacteria
a group of the same species is
population
definition of ecology
study ir relationships if living things and non living
how is life organized
biotic and abootic
biotic meaning and example
living, plants and animala
abiotic and example
nonliving and air
criteria for life
have cells, DNA/RNA, reproduce, react to stimuli, adapt to environmnet, metabolism
levels or evolgical organization
OPCEBB organism (individual member), population(group), community(multiple populations), exosystem(all living and non living factors), biome( grassland, tundra or forest), biosphere( living and non miving factors biotic and abiotic).
what are cladograms and dichotomous keys?
tools to display relationships and classify organisms using characteristics.
what are the 3 geochemical cycles
water, carbon, nitrogen.
2 examples in nitrogen cycle
nitrifying bacteria> nitrification> chnages nitrite to nitrate.
negative human impact in cycles
water- polution, deforestation decrease in transpiration
carbon- combustion, deforestation
nitrogen-fertilizers.
definition of habitat
where organisms live
definition of niche
the role an organism plays in its environment includong all the biotic and abiotic needs for survival
defintion of limiting factor
aspects of the environment that limit the size a population can reach.
difference in density independant and dependant
dependant- favtors operate strong on latge dense population and triggered by increase in population
independant- regulate population growth regardless of size, all species are effected equally by limiting factors
whats mutualism
both organisms benifit: trees and ants
parasitism
one organisms benifts while other is harmed : ticks on dogs
commensalism
one organism benefits the other is unaffected: moss or nests on trees
what are the two reauirments of an exosystem
have a constant supply of energy and a energy flow that passes from one population to another
what organisms uses energy from the sun
autotrophs
how do heterotrophs get energy
eating food
how do herbavors get energy
eat autotrphs(plants) and vegatarians: cows rabbits
how do carnivors get energy
eat hetetrophs, ex. hawk fox
what are two types of carnivores
predators + scavengers
ex. Lions, fox eagles vs. vultures hyena
how do omnivores get energy
eat autotrophs and heteriotrophs. (plants and animals) people and bears
differenced in food chain and food web
food chain is one series, food web overlaps and is multiple food chains.
what is lost inbetween trophic levels
energy
what is the primary/ultimate source of energy
sun
why are the number of trophic levels limited?
because there is only so much energy and anything lowere than 1 energy will niot survive
what trophic level usually has the most organisms
producers
what trophic level has the least amount of organisms
tertiary consumers/ top carnivore
why do top carnivores have the most concentratiuon of pesticides
because pesticed concentration gets higher as mor eate\n
energy_____ through an ecosystem, nutrients ______
flows, cycles
4 roles in crabon cycle
photosynthesis, respiration, decompisition, carbon in tissue
where is the most nitrogen found
atmosphere
4 roles in nitrogen cycle
nitrogen fixing bacteria
decompisition
nitrification
denitrification
4 places water is found
atmosphere, surface of earth, underground, in living organisms
what is the greenhouse gas effect
gases trap heat in the atmosphere, fewer plants to take carbon out of atmosphere, more combustion which pouts it intpo air
what is succession
natuaral changes and species replacements in communities of an ecosystem
what is it called when organisms colonies new areas
primary succession
the first species to populate the area
pioneer species
mature/ developed community that has become stable
climax community
primary succession
never had life, soil. lichens grow on rock after volcanoes
secondary succession
life regenerates after natuaral event like tornado, forest fire, hurricane
main differnece in primary and secondary succession are
soil
exponential growth
populations growing with no limiting factors
carrying capacity
number of organisms an environment can support
density dependant example vs independant
disease, competition,
temperature, storms, pollution
poitive and negative effects of population growth
positive; mpore mind to help solve problems, new technology farming, energy, transpoprtaion.
negatives; increase use of limited reasources, more polluction and waste
how to lesson negative effects of human population
reduce, reuse, recycle