Chapter 17 Special Senses
Olfactory Receptors
detect the inhaled chemicals with the chemical (odorants)
Olfactory Epithelium
superior to nasal cavity; olfactory sensory neurons, supporting epihelial cells, basal epithelial cells
Olfactory Sensory Neurons
bipolar neurons w/ knob shaped dendrite and axon protrudes cribiform plate that ends in the olfactory bulb
Taste buds
tongue, soft palate, pharynx, epliglottis
Olfactory Cilia
conversion of stimulus energy into graded potentials
Supporting Cells
in the mucous memebrane that give nourishment, physical support, detoxify , and electrical insulation for receptor cells
Basal Stem Cells
undergo mitosis to replace olfactory receptor cells that only lasts about two months
olfactory pathway
only sensory system that has direct cortical projections without first going through relay stations in thalamus
MSG
naturally in food and add to other food to enhance flavor; stimulates enhancer
Papillae
elevation of tongue
Vallate Papillae
back of tongue
Fungiform papillae
all over tongue
Foliate Papillae
Lateral of tongue
filiform papillae
enitre surface of tongue; no taste buds; tactile receptors
Fibrous Layer
cornea and sclera
Vascular Layer
choroid, cilary body, iris
Inner Layer
retina
Cornea
covers the iris
sclera
covers eyeball except cornea
gives shape, protects, makes eyeball rigid, extrinsic muscle attach
sclera
choroid
provides retina with nutrients
ciliary body
what the choroid becomes
Ora Serrata
ciliary extend from jagged margin of retina to the junction of cornea and sclera
ciliary processes
contains blood capillaries that secrete aqueaus humor
Zanule fibers
extend from ciliary processes that attach to the lens
ciliary muscles
alters lens for near and far vision; changes tightness of zanule fibers
Iris
regulates amount of light that enters eye; between cornea and lens
Sphincter Pupillae
stimulated by bright lights causing constriction of muscles
Dilator
sympathetic fibers stimulated by dim light causing iris to contract resulting in dilation
Neural Layer
photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion; light passes through layers before reaching photoreceptor layer
Centralis fovea
only contains cones; center of macula lutae
Optic disc
axons of ganglion cells exit
Macula Lutea
exact center of retina
photopigments
in rods and cones; absoorption of light; initates receptor potential
Retinal
Vit A; ligh absorping of photopigments
Glutamate
rod receptors release in the dark
Middle Ear ossicles (ext to interior)
malleus, incus, stapes
Semicircular Canals
dynamic equilibrium; rotational acceleration and deceleration
Crista
small elevation of duct; has hair and supporting cells
Ampulla and Crista
dilation portion of each duct
Vestibular Branch
nerve impulse travel
Utricle and Saccule
contain macula; linear acceleration or deceleration
hair cells
in maculae and contains stero cilia, kinocilium-longest sterocelium
Hair bundle
stereocilia and kinocilium
otoliths
extend over otothic membrane
otolithic membrane
secretes glycoprotein layer
Utricle
horizontal acceleration or deceleration
Saccule
vertical acceration and deceleration
Vestibular Branch
hair cells synapse with neurons
Tmpanic Membrane
sound wave vibrates which then vibrates the malleus
Organ of Corti
contain hair cells receptor for hearing
Tensor Tympani/Stapedius
attach to ossicle; dampen vibrations, prevent damage from sudden loud sounds
Auditory Tube
regulates air pressure in the middle ear