bio unit1
are protiets eukaroytic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Are protists unicellular or multicellular?
Both (mostly uni)
What are some pros of protists that humans use
breaks down materials in intestines, ferrilizer, paint
Name two diseases that ate causws by protists
amoeba causes dysentey, plasmodium causes malaryia
What are the three groups of protists?
Plant, Animal, fungus
what are plant, animal and fungis protists called?
algae, protozoa, slime moulds
What distinguishable characterisrics do algae have?
They have chlorophyll and use photosynthesis, and have cellulose walls. autorophs and some moce using flagellas and cilia
What distinguishable traits do Protozoa have?
Must move to find food. They are heterotrophs. Protozoa lack cell walls. they cause diseases and do circulstion, respiration, and excretion through diffusion
What are disirnguishabke traits of slime moulds?
Secret chemicals that digest food and rhen absorb the chemicals (heterotrophs).
what are the three groups of slime moulds?
Myxomycota, Acrasiomycota, Oomycota
Are protists sexual or asexual?
some use sexual (conjugation). all use asexual (binary fission)
What are three ways protists move?
Cilia, flagella, pseudopods
Three wxamples of plant like protist
Green Algae, Red Algae, Diatom
What kingdom was Archaea in before?
Bacteria
is Archaea prokaryotic or eukaroytic?
Prokaryotic
Is archaea multicellular or unicellular
unicellular
Why is Archaea different to Bacteria?
Have different genes and metabolic pathways
Which kingdom are extremophiles?
Archaea
What are methanogens?
Low oxygen environments( swamps)
what are halophiles?
Salt loving organisms
what are thermophiles?
live in extremly hot environments
what are psychrophiles
cold loving organisms
How do archaea collect energy?
through inorganic molecules or light
Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic
are bacteria unicellular or multi cellular?
uni ceullular
What are sifferenves betweeb eukaryotic snd prokaryotic?
prokaryotic: no membrane
no nucleus
ribosomes is only organelle
DNA is one large circle
eukaroytic: nucleur membrane
nuclues
DNA in noncirculst chromosomes
many organelles
what is the function of flagellum?
movement
what is the function of pillus
sexual reproduction
what is the function of nucleoid?
generic material
what is the function of plasma membrane?
controls movement in and out of cell
what is the function of ribosomes?
protein synthesis
what is the function of cell wall?
protection
what is the function of capsule?
protection
how are bacteria classified?
shape, cell wall structure, and sources of food and energy.
what does cocci mean
round
what does bacilli mean?
rod
what does sprilli mean?
spiral?
what does diplo mean?
pair
what does strepto mean?
chains
what does staphylo mean?
clusters
if a cell wall has lots of protein it will stain pink and its called
gram-positive
if a cell wall has little protein it will stain pink and is called
gram-negative
are bacteria autotrophs or heterotophs
both
what does autotroph mean?
makes own food
what does heterotroph mean?
cant make own food
chemotroph?
use chemicals for energy
phototroph?
use light for energy
what is binary fission?
asexual reproduction(copies itself)
what is conjugation?
sexual repoduction - DNA passes from one bacteria to another via a Pilus
what is transduction?
a bacteriophage (virus) carries DNA from one bacteria to another
what are endospores?
dormant ateuctures that preserve the cells genetic material due to stress.
Name ways that bacteria are beneficial
Bacteria help produce food, help produce vitamin K, decomposeds of sewage, used for studying
how are bacteria bad?
Salmonella, E-Coli
what are the three ways bacteria reproduces?
asexual, sexual, endospores
Is fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Is fungi unicellular or multiceullular?
both (mostly multi)
are fungi heterotrophs or autorophs?
heteroptrophs
whats the difference between fungi snd plant cell walls?
fungal cells are made up of chitin while plants are made up of cellulose
fungis roots are called...
mycelium
what is fungi?
fine filamnets called hyphae that absorb nutrients
is fungi sexual or asexual?
both
what is fragmentation?
where hyphae breaks off to grow new mycelia
most fungi can repdoruce adexually becausw of whicj part?
spores
how does fungi sexual reproduction work?
two parents fuse together and produce spores
what is a spore made up of?
a nucleus, dehydrated cytoplasm, and a protective coat
what are positives of fungi?
antibitoics (penicillin) food, drugs, poison
what are cons of fungi?
ringworm, yeast infections, allergies, athletes foot
Why are protists grouped together in this Kingdom?
because they dont fit into any other kingdom
are plants multi cellular or unicellular
multicellular
are plants eukaroytic or prokaryotic
eukaroytic
are plangs heterotorphic or autotrophic
autotrophic
generak chatacyerisics of plants
produce oxygen, have chloroplasts, have cell walls made up of cellulose, and sre producers
what are the three main parts of plants?
roots, leaves, stem
what do roots do?
anchor the plant and helo absorb watwe ans nutrients
what do leaves do?
provide area for absorbption of sunlight
what do stems do?
transportstion
what two manor characteristics dicide plants up?
absence of vascular tissue and seeds
what does vascular tissue do?
transport wayer minerals and sugars
what are seeds?
contain an embryo, stored food and an outer coat
What are non-vascular plants called?
Bryophytes
what are vascular plants?
tissue that moves materials around a plant
seedless plant attribute?
use spores to reproduce
what two groups do seed producing vascular planta go into?
gymnosperms, angiosperms
what are gymnosperms?
non-flowering plants with seeds within a cone
what are angiosperms?
flowering plants with seeds in a protective structure. fruits and flowers
are plants sexual or asexual
sexual
how does plant reproduction work?
male ans female gametes go theough wind, rain, and dew to transport
how did plants evolve?
multicellular freshwater algae
are algae plant or protist?
protist (unicellular)
are animals eukaryotic of prokaryotic
eukaroytic
are animals heterotorphic or auto
hetero
what are characteristics kf animals
no cell walls, movile in one stage if life, reproduce sexually, produce an embryo
what are the 8 characteristics of animals?
backbone present
levela of organization
number of body layers
movement
aynmwtry and body plan
segmentation
body cavity
reproduction
how are animals classified?
structure, tissue, and organ organization
what are the three symmetries?
asymmetrical
Radial
Bilateral
what phylum are humans in?
chordata
what is a notochord?
a flexible rod like structure
what are the two features all chordatas have
a notochord and a dorsal
what is radial symmetry
cut even everywhere
what is bilateral symmetry
symmetrical only one way
what is cephalization?
enables the rapid process of stimuli such as food or danger
what phylum contains the largest amount of species?
athropoda
movement?
active or sessile
number of body layers?
one to three
backbone present?
vertebrate or absent (invertbrate)
body cavity?
present or absent
segmentation
division of body into repetitive sections
what are the 7 classifications of living things
internal organizations
reproduction
homeostasis and control
energy
reaponsiveness
adaptations
evolution
internal organization
all living things are conposed by one or more cells. cells are the basic unit of structure and function
What is reproduction?
All organisms contain DNA which is the blueprint. The DNA is contained in one or more chromosomes. All organisms reproduce either
Sexually - the offspring’s genes are a combination of the parents
Asexually - the offsprings genes are identical to the parent
What is Homeostasis and Control?
All organisms must maintain a stable, internal condition in order to remain alive. Ex: temperature, heartbeat, blood pressure
What is Energy?
All organisms use Energy. Chemical energy in the form of the molecule ATP is used to carry out the organisms activities. Animals and plants produce ATP in their mitochondria through cellular respiration.
What is responsiveness?
All organisms must be able to respond to their environment. Ex: Figjt or flight in humans
What are adaptations?
Physical adjustments in individuals of a species. Adaptations are passed along to future generations.
What is evolution?
Is the change in the genetic makeup of a population. The sun is where living things make energy from.
What are the three levels of biodiversity
Species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity
What are species?
The variety of species in a certain amount of area
What are three threats to biodiversity?
Habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, over exploitation, climate change
What is habitat loss?
The greatest threat to the biodiversity of life. Humans destroying habitats.
Habitat fragmentation?
When development split habitats into fragments.
Invasive species?
Non-native species that harm ecosystems when are introduced
Pollution?
Human acidifies polluting earths atmosphere. Ex: carbon dioxide, acid rain, waste from coal mining
Over exploitation?
Unsustainable use of responses such as harvesting too fast.
Effects of climate change
Plant migration, animal migration, extreme weather, water availability, increased co2
Threats of climate change to biodiversity?
Food sources, habitat, reproduction, aquatic ecosystems
What is classification and why do we use it?
A method of organizing information and grouping things together for a specific reason.
To keep track of unknown organisms and to quickly know if a newly discovered organism is unique.
What is the modern basis of classication?
Homologous structure - same structure
Similar biochemistry - similar chemical compounds
Genetic similarity - similar DNA
What is taxonomy?
The practice of classifying organisms(uses Latin words) it goes from most broad down to very specific.
What is the order of taxonomy?
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
(did Katy Perry Come Over For Grape Soda)
What are the major categories of Domain?
Eukaryotes, bacteria, archae
What are prokaryotes?
Bacteria and Archae. Do not have a nucleus or defined organelles.
What are eukaryotic?
Have a nucleus. Fungi, protists, animal, plants and have well defined membrane
What are the six kingdoms of classification?
Archaea - high temperatures
Bacteria - prokaryotic cells
Fungi - absorb nutrients through skin
protist- neither plants or animals (algae)
Plants - use photosynthesis
Animals - have to obtain food
How do you name organisms?
Using binomial nomenclature and to name we use the genus name then the species name (Genus + species) capital on first word not second and italicized
What is genus?
A group of species that resemble each other
What is species?
Able to mate and produce fertile offspring.
What is hwterotrophic?
Consume other organisms for food
What is autotrophic?
Able to produce its own food
Which kingdom is the biggest?
Animal
Which kingdom is the smallest?
Archaea
What is the difference between fungi and plants?
Plants have a chloroplast, plants are autotrophic, fungi are autotrophic(cell wall is different)
Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic while the rest are eukaryotic.
u
are viruses alive?
viruses are not classified as they don't consist of cells, don't metabolize energy, they don't perform cellular respiration, and they rely on a host
what is a virus?
a non-cellular particle made up of protein covered generic material that can invade living cells
what is a viruses structure?
DNA or RNA covered by capsid
some enclosed by an envelope
Some have spikes for attacthment
what kingdoms do viruses infect
viruses only infect bacteria, plants, or animals
what rype of range do bacterial viruses have
very restricted host range
what type of range do plant viruses have
broad
what type of range do animal viruses have
broad and narrow
what are viral infections
the amounr of damage causes depends partly on the ability of the affected tissue to tegeberate by cell division.
Ex: the damage of nerve cells(irreplacable) and epithelium cells(replaceable)
what are vaccines?
vaccines stimulate our immune sustem to produce defenses
routwa of transmission for viruses
oral
Generically
skjn
droplet
sexually
inoculation
trans-placental
whag is viral replication?
when a virus enters a host it takes over bt altering the hosts generic makeup
what is the lytic cycle?
the virus injects into the host
the host replicates the viruses DNA
once overcrowded the cell dies and the viruses get released (all happens within)
lysogenic cycle?
the virus invades and injects its DNA
the DNA is replicatws theough daughter cells and remains dormant
once activated it goes into the lytiv cycle
what are the pros of viruses?
help male vaccines, and can hell treat other diseases
what are the cons of viruses?
HIV, chickenpox, influenza
what is binary fission?
when a cell splits into two
how do fungi sexually snd asexually reproduce
through budding or producing spores or using mycelia
fungi is made up of whay three things?
mycelium, hyphae, chitin
what is bryophytes?
small, hrow close to the ground and have no vascular tissue (land plant)