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Computer Science

Name 4 components in the CPU

- Control Unit
- Arithmetic Logic Unit

- Dedicated registers

- Buses

Give 2 functions of the Control Unit?

- Uses control signals to enable data to be read from/ written to memory
- It decodes every instruction that the processor will execute to know what needs to be done

What are buses?

A communication system that transfers data between components, components are connecteb using buses

What is the system bus and what is it made up of?

- A set of parallel instructions that allow internal components to communicate with each other and exchange data, it connect the CPU, main memory and I/O controllers

Made of:

- Address bus

- Data bus

- Control bus

What are External buses?

External buses - used to connect peripherals to the processor. Either series or parallel

What's different about the control and data bus to the address bus

The control and data bus are bidirectional, so data can be both written to/read from a memory location

what does the control bus do?

- Send control signals between internal and external components (bidirectional)

Name each control signal and it's function

- Memory read - Places data from a certain memory location onto the data bus

- Memory write - Stores data from the data bus onto a certain memory location


- Bus request - Signifies that a component needs to access a bus


- Interrupt request - Signifies that an error or exception has occurred that requires the attention of the CPU


- Clock signals - The control bus supplies the components with clock pulses generated by the system clock

Under what condition can Memory read and Memory write take place?

The address must be on the data bus

what does the data bus do?

Transfers data/instructions between components (bidirectional)

What does the width refer to on a data bus and what does it determine

Width refers to the no of parallel lines, this the determines the no of bits that can be transferred

What does the address bus do?

- Transmits memory addresses specifying where data should be sent/retrieved from

Memory is internally divided into units, what are these units called and how many bits can they hold

Words(16, 32 or 64 bits)

What is the purpose of the ALU

Performs arithmetic, logical and shift operations on data

What is the puropse of the accumulator?

Stores results from the ALU

State all the registers and their functions

PC - Holds the memory address of the next instruction to be executed
CIR - Holds the address in memory which is split into opcode and operand

MAR - Holds the address in memory that is meant to be read from/written to

MDR - Temporarily holds data that has been read or that needs to be written to

Accumulator - Holds the results of an instruction

Explain the fetch step of the fetch execute cycle

- The address of the next instruction is copied from
the PC to the MAR

- The instruction held at the MAR is then sent to RAM via the address bus & waits for a control signal to know what needs to be done

- The control unit sends a control signal to RAM

- This now allows the data to be sent to the MDR from RAM through the data bus

- The data is then copied from the MDR to the CIR

- Finally the contents of the PC are incremented

Explain the decode step of the fetch execute cycle

- The instruction in the CIR is decoded
- It's then split into operand and opcode to determine the type of instruction it is

- It's then passed on to the accumulator

Explain the execute stage in the fetch exeute cycle

- The opcode is executed on the operand

Give 3 factors that can affect the CPU perormance

- Cache size - Larger the cache, the more frequently used data it can store
- No of cores - The more cores, the more instructions the computer can execute at the same time(Not all programs can utilise this as they haven't been designed to do so)

- Clock speed - The greater the clock speed, the faster instructions can be carried out

What is pipelining

The process of carrying out multiple instructions concurrently

What does the von neumann architecture consist of?

- A control unit
- An ALU

- Special registers

- RAM

Give an advantage of shared buses

Reduces the chances of a bottleneck occuring

Give advantages of Von Neumann Architecture

- It simplifies the design of the control unit and is cheaper to develop
- Programs can be optimised to use less memory. This can be done by reusing code, loops & branches.

What does the harvard architecture do?

Keeps data/instruction in separate memory units

Give advantages of using Harvard architecture

- Instructions are exectued quicker as they're fetched in parallel
- Instructions/Data are held in separate memory units which have different word lengths, which can make more efficient use of space

Explain the different levels of cache

L1 cache - Has very fast memory cells, but a small capacity
L2 cache - Has relatively fast memory cells, with a medium sized capacity

L3 cache - Has a large capacity, but slow memory cells

What are contemporary processors and explain how they work

They're a combination of von neumann and harvard architectures

The von neumann architecture works on the data/instruction in main memory, & the harvard architecture divides cache into instruction cache and data cache

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