Ovido
Language
  • English
  • Spanish
  • French
  • Portuguese
  • German
  • Italian
  • Dutch
  • Swedish
Text
  • Uppercase

User

  • Log in
  • Create account
  • Upgrade to Premium
Ovido
  • Home
  • Log in
  • Create account

Plant evolution - Biodiversity

When did plamnst first appear on earth

Aroud 500 mya meaning that first 3 billion years of earth there were no planst
This was due to harsh conditons that were present for large parts of the early earth for all life so there was only prokaryotic life

Can use ecological niches to see how planst used to live

Why was plant colonisation important

Altered the early atmosphere that had low level of oxygen as plants increased oxygen due to is a product of photosynthesis and also lowered CO2 levels so lowered the global temperature for more animals to survive
Created habitat and food source for animals

Planst provide way to harvest energy from the sun via photosynthesis and convert it to biomass so food

What were the charophytes

The first plant to evolve but was taking place in water in water based plants called charophytyes
In tidal area or pond there were plants that dry out due to have periods on land and were developing charctersitsc to allow them to fully survive outside of water over time

What is the evidenvce that land plants evolved from Charophytes

They share distinctive traits with land plants:
Multicellular organsims of eukaryotic cells

Chloroplast with both chlorphyll a+b

Cell wall containing cellulose like land plants

Perioxsosomes enzymes to minimise loss of organic compounds via photorespiration

Flagellated sperm in charophtye and land plnat have similar flagellated sperm structure

Cell divsion is the same

Gene sequencing of different genes and proteins between the 2 are similar

Both have Sporopollenin that protect zygote in charophyte and protect spores of land plants

How is celluolse produced for cell walls

Made by cellulose synthase complex that is arranged in rosettes with nenassary enzymes to produce cellulose
Multi-rosette group together in plasma membrane that can then extrude single cellulose strand to the cell wall

What are the challenges plants faced when moving to land

Water provie nutrient transport system
A way to reproduce

Structural support

Prevent dessication

Stable temperature

Buffer for solar radiation

What are land bases problems and solution for plants

Dessication - Lead to formation of waxy cuticle layer with stomata that allow water regulation with the guard cells, and prevent uncontrolled water loss as the stomata are regulated by tugor pressure

Water is suport medium= Cell wall has thickened due to extrac cellulose and the cross linking of carbohydrates


Obtaining nutrients - Formation of Rhizoid and root system with a symbiotic relation with mycorrhizae fungi that where plant with carbohydrate and in returin for gaining nitrogen


Assessing and transporting water- Development of vasculature with xylem and phloem

What are the main differnces between charophyte and land plants

Apical meristesm- Shoot and Root apical meristems, they are similar to stem cells due to undifferentiated unitl needed in either shoot or root of land plant

Multicellular gametangia - Gametangia is an organ where the gametes are formed that


Alternating generations in land plants - Produce a mega and micro spore in meiosis


Welled spores produced in sporangian - Tough sporpollenin wall protect spores from dessication

How are plant differentiated in phylas

Reproduction method, alternating generations whihc si the dominat the sporophtyic or gametophytic
Water relation so is there vacculature

Habitat

Seed prodcuing

Presence of leaves, roots, stems and flowers

What are the cyptograms

These are lower level plants that are seedless and spore bearing
They are non flowering and are dividied to 2 groups

Non vasculature cyptograms and vascualture cryptograms

What are the 3 types of non vasculature crytograms

Byrophytes
Hepatophyta

Anthocerophyta

What are the bryophytes

Mosses
Have a no compex vasculature so they are small in size

They rely on capillary movement of water and have Rhizoids due to no true roots

Usually dioecious so have male and female plants and there is distinctive alternating generations

The gametophytic is the dominant generation over the sporophytic

They are always ground hugging

What is the differenve between gametophytic and sporophytic

Gametophytic is haploid and will bear the gametes and happens via sexual reproduction
Sporophyte are diploid that have Seta + Capsule and are dependent on the gametophyte, they bear the spores and undergo meiosis

What is the life cycle of mosses

There is meisosis on sporangium to release haploid male and female cells tp
Male gametophyte release sperm from antheridia when rains that will then fertilise an egg from female gametophyte


This then forms a zygote that undergo mitosis to form young sporophyte that is sporophytic

How are mosses anchored to the ground

Gametophytes are anchored by Rhizoids
These are in mosses filament of cells but in loverwokrs they are long tubular single cells that have no role in water conduction

What are liverworts - Hepatophyta

Single thallus in some species with a more leafy appearance
They have similar life cycle so are gametophytic dominat

A sexual reproduction

What are Hornworts - Antherocerophytes

Symbiotic with N2 fixing blue green algae
They have 2 horns and grow from the base

What are Vacular Crytograms

Ferns, Horsetails and Club Mosses
These all have vascualor or conducting tissue

They have a dominant sporophytic generation and have rediced gametphyte called the prothallus

Allow plant to grow taller due to vascular

What are Ferns - Pteriodphyte

Have a sporophyte dominant generation
They have annulues thatr are dead cell filled with water that when water evaporate from them the annulus disort the outer wall and peel back to open the sporangium for spore release

Air comes out of the solution form,ing bubble and violent snap back of the annulus and so spores fire up into the air and are then caught by the wind, they need a damp envrioment


They are homosporous so no male or female

What is the fern life cycle

The prothallus produce eggs from the archegonium and sperm from the anteridium that are then combined so get fertilsiation in the gametophytic generation
In the sporophytic generation an enbryo is formed so get a young leaf formed that then develop into full adult fern leaf that have sorus which are cluster of sporangia

Spores are released and go back to prothallus

What are whisk ferns

13 species type with a high chromosme number and are able to obtain nutrients from deecaying matter

What are horsetails

They are an ancient species and were much larger in the carnoniferous oeriod but smaller todyay
In dry conditions they unfurl and disperse spores but in wet conditiosn they are tightly furled and no spore dispersal

They grow in rich silica soil and are homosporous

Dominant sporophttic generation and reduced gametophytic generation

What are club mosses

Flourished in the carboniferous period
Have true leaves and roots and some are heterophoreis species that are male and female

What is the significance of seedless vascular plants

Allowed development of vascular tissue, roots and leaves so greater photosynthesis, that lead to dramtic reduction in CO2 levels so then global cooling

What are Spermatophyta

These are seed bearing plants and there are 2 groups of them
Gymnospermsthat are cine bearing with unenclosed ovulues along with naked seeds

Angiosperms that are flowering plants with enclosed carpels

What genration is the dominant form

The final form of life is sporophytic domiant so they are 2n and diploid
In Gymonsperms they have female gametophyte in OIvulate cone and male gametophyte in pollen cone

In agiosperms they female gametophyte insde the female flowering part and male gametophyte in male part of the plant

How have spermatophyta evolved

Angiosperms evolved from the gynosperms 100 mya and are mow the domiant plant species on earth
Angiosperms have adapted different stratgies to adapt to many different niches

Why have seed plants become dominant

Embryo and food supply is surrounded by the protectoive coat
The sees is able to be transported away from the mother plant so they enter more niches

Sedd can stay viable for centuries if condtions not right they can lay dorman for long time and then germinate when conditions chnage to become favourable

How are seeds dispersed

By wind and animals
The seed pod will dry out and twist to create torsion and then cause explosion so see are propelled away

Plants are trying to disperse offspring seeds away from them so there is no competition between offspring annd parent for nutrients

What are the 5 main life cycle modifications

Heterspory so there is cross germination between planys and so cause a greate gene poll so drive evolution
Gametophyte is reduced and protected so can stay viable for very long time in the soil

Retention of female gametophyte on the sporophyte

Pollination to give the plant independence from free water and allow tghe plant to live in greater number of niches rather than just wet niche

Seed Habit so have embryo, endosperm and tetsa for protection

How has there been evolution toward gametophyte reduction

Moss and Bryophytes gave gametophyte dominated life style
Ferns and seedless vascular plants have a sporophyte dominted life cycle

Seed plants have sporophyte dominant lifecycle and macroscopic gametophytic generation

How will the Gametophyte develop within the sporophyte

This will allow moist enviroment so prevent dessication of the gametophyte
Protection from UV

Nutrient supplied from the sporophyte

What is heterosporous

All seed plants are heterosporous and so there is 1 type of spore that give rise to bisexual gametophyte

How are eggs produced in seed plants

Gymnosperms there are 1 integuments and in angiosperms there are 2 integuments
There are 8 nuclei and 7 cells

Integums are sporophytic tissue that envelope the megasporangium

How are microsporangium formed

Mosses and ferns produce flagellated sperm and require an aqueous environment to reach the egg
This limit the number of suitbale habitats

In seed plants the microspore develop in the pollen grain and so can use wind or animal to move further distances and can survive for longer time period , can enter more niches this way

What is the difference between spores and seeds

Spores: Can survive if local environment is non favourable, they are single cell so suceptible to UV and 1 genome and there is no nutrient supply

Seeds: Can survive for extened period of time in non local environments, they are multicellular so have a protective coat and have an endosperm so have a nutrient supply

How have Gymnosperms evolved

In the late devonain period some plant gained traits of seed bearing plants
The Archaeoptersi was the 1st plant to try and be seed bearing

First seed plant appeared 305 mya in a domiant seedless environment

As earth got warmer and drier it was more favourable for gymnosperms due to lack of water so gymnosperms dominated

What are the 4 phylum of Gynosperms

Ginkophyte
Cyadophyta

Gnetophyta

Conferophyta

What are the Ginkophyte

Dioecious plant so have seperate male and female plant
Female plant produce food unlike the males

Only 1 extant species called Ginko Biloba

What are Cycadophyta

The female cone split to reveal seeds and ovules
The male cone produce the pollen

There are 100 species and are an ancient plant group

What are the Gnetophyta

Closest relative of gymnosperm to angiosperm
Produce cones still with naked seeds that are male and female

69 species

What are Coniferophyta

There are 610 species and these are fern trees
They are the most succesful group with some pines being up to 5000 years old

What is the Pine lifecycle

It dominat is the sporophytic generation;
The Female ovule cone produces the megaspore and the m,ale pollen cone produce the microsporangium that undergo meiosis to produce pollen grains

The pollen and the megaspore form the megasporangium that then undergo meiosis to be gamatophytic

The megaspore produced has a female gametophyte develop in it to form the eggs that then combine with sperm nucleus from pollen to fertilse the egg

Then the fertile seed is then dispersed and can then go and grow into a fern tree

How have anigiosperm developed

These are classified as single phylum and are all flowering plants
Flowers produvce the microspore that develop ti the pollen grain in the male stamen

Produce the megaspore in the female carpel

Flowers need insects to tranport their seeds so are brighlty coloured to attract the insects

Some flowers may keep flower closed till they feel frequency of wingbeat of certain insect and then they open to allow insect access

Most of them are monoecious

What is the angiosperm lifecycle

Female ovule produce megaspore and male stamen produce male microsppre that is the pollen
Then the 2 combine so that the egg is fertilsed from the ovule

The the seed developed until is released and starts to germinate and develop into flower

What is double fertilisation

Pollen grains germinate after landing on the stigma and pollen grow towards the ovaries and can penetrate the micropyle
This increase chanve of making embyro and endosperm as the pollen discharge 2 sperm into female gametophyte

1 fertile egg will form the diploid zygoet that divide to form embryo

Other sperm fuse with 2 polar nuclei to form triplod cell that divdie to endosperm

What is the differnace between monocots and dicots

Monocot have - 1 cotlydon, Parrallel veins, scattered vascular tissue, fibrous root system, pollen grain with 1 opening and floral organs usally in tripletss

Dicots have - 2 cotlydons, veins are a network, vascular tissue in a ring, taproot are presentm pollen grain with 3 openings and floral organ in 4 or 5 multiples

How is the root protected

By a root cap that full of stem cells, and the cap protect the stem cells when root is penetrating the soil

How is the dicot embryo developed

Has a suspensor and is similor to the umbilical cord
It will connect the embryo to the parent and allow movement of water and food to the embryo

There is a series of cell divsion and lead to cell differentiation of cells in the embryo

Quiz
Physique-chimie révision chapitre 1&2
Ideal and non ideal solutions -Chemistry of life
Reproduction
Boeing 777
french
french
Onderzoeksmethoden deel 2
Vocabulary LPIC
Extra Words from EX
Word Roots and Combining Forms Indicating Color
Spainish 🎀💵
human geo vocab 1 and 2
Important words (french)
What's your understanding of Software
Ne Pas
Kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod
Tort Law- defences to private nuisance
Vetenskaplig metod tenta 13/1-23
The orgin of life and evolution - Biodiversity
Spanish hw
FINANCE
abdomen the third section of an insect’s body adaptations special features, lik
https://docs.google.com/file/d/1wPxjVJXbH9_ScG8gmprdDmxy178BLyVK/edit?usp=docsli
french vocab
business finance formulae
recap of term one 2023
history quiz 1
buisiness
Duits h2 Werkwoorden 3e of 4e naamval
Bio- interactions of nanomaterials
History Test 2 Quiz 3
pe theory
history test two number 2
KNSS 307(Fundamental Concepts)
nobela
Phonetics
english
Thermodynamics - Chemistry of Life
nervsystemet
reductionism and holism
Onderzoeksmethoden deel 1
Jarentallen Duitserijk So
Cognition
Perception
what do you do in the summer
Spanish Preterite tense
한글
ruska avantgarda
ogl202
english reviewer (comparing and constrasting)