Bio

Comes from the Greek word "bios" (life), and "logos" (to study)

Biology

Father of Biology

Aristotle

Life was created by a supernatural being or force. Often associated with religious beliefs

Devine or Special creation theory

life originates in the earth's ocean

Marine theory

life has always existed , and there was no specific point of origin.

Philosophical Theory of eternity

the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes

Homeostasis

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within an organisms. breakdown of molecules

Metabolism

the ability of an organism to adjust to its environment over time through genetic changes r behavioral modifications.

Adaptation

occurs when a harmless or palatable species evolves to mimic the appearance of a harmful or unpalatable species.

Batesia Mimicry

occurs when a predator o parasite evolves to resemble a harmless or beneficial species, thereby deceiving its prey or host

Aggressive Mimicry

The process by which living organisms produce offspring, ensuring the continuation of their species.

Reproduction

The science of organizing and categorizing living organisms based on their evolutionary relationships and shared characteristics

Taxonomy

Taxonomic ranks

Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Over-Family-Genus-Species

Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species

Eukarya-Animalia-Chordata-Mammalia-Primates-Hominidae-Homo-Homo sapiens

known for their ability to thrive in extreme environment

Bacteria and Archaea

Contains prokaryotes(single-celled organisms that lack a true nucleus) but differ in structural, genetic, and biochemical characteristics.

Archaea and Bacteria

highest classification in plants and animals before the 1990s when domain taxon hasn't been introduce

Kingdom

Kingdom includes___(plants) _(animals) Fungi, ( chiefly protozoa and algae) (prokaryotes with distinct cellular characteristics that adapt them to extreme environments, such as deep-sea vents and hot springs) and ____ prokaryotes that are not archaeans)

Plantae-Animalia-Protista-Archaea-Bacteria

Not included in the main kingdoms of life

virus

Ranks below the kingdom and above the class taxonomy

Phylum

second largest phylum by species count and the largest marine phylum, a muscular foot and a oft unsegmented body that may or may not be covered with a shell (mussels, snails, and clams)

Mollusca

Have an internal skeleton and backbone or notochord(a primitive backbone) fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals including humans

Chordata

more complex, segmented and symmetrical worms containing a nervous system, respiratory system, and sense organs. Earthworms and leeches

Annelida

unsegmented/roundworms

nematoda

spiny body (sea star, sea urchin, sand dollars, sea cucumber, brittle star)

Echinodermata

includes various kinds of microorganisms like Fungi and lagae. the algae are further divided into green, brown, and red

thallophyta

known as vascular plants; xylem that mainly function to conduct water and dissolve minerals, and phloem, while functions mainly in the conduction of foods (sugar)

tracheophyta

any vascular plant that reproduces by means of an exposed seed, or ovule

Gymnosperms

any of about 300 000 species of flowering plants, the largest and most diverse group within the kingdom plantae

Angiosperm

The cell is the basic unit of life

Cell theory

The primary energy currency molecule used by every organism

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Geographic distribution f species can show organisms are related

Biogeography

Estimating the age of fossils involves looking at their physical positions in sedimentary rocks () and radiometric isotope techniques ()

Relative dating and absolute dating

Coined the phrase "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny," suggesting the false claim humans start as star fish, then progress through a series of developmental stages that retrace the lower vertebrates groups before becoming human

Earnest Haeckel

havetheir own set of DNA, separate from that of the cell nucleus

Mitochondria

have their own genomes

Chloroplasts

Cells reproduce by dividing primarily through two process...

Mitosis and Cytokenis

Cytoplasm division

Cytokinesis

normally prevent the uncontrolled growth and division of cells and tissues

Tumor-suppressor genes

are primarily factors contributing to cancers

mutation

typically involves the production of oxidative metabolic by-products such as molecular variants of oxygen, which may damage the DNA, RNA, proteins and mitochondria

Free radical formation

those occurring in tissues outside of the egg or perm , could lead to diminished function; skin and connective tissues lose resiliency

somatic mutations

suggests that there are "biological clocks' or pacemakers that commence at birth and simply slow and stop, ending in death

Pacemaker theory

making exact copies of genes

Gene cloning

Restriction enzymes create DNA fragments with the gene of interest.
DNA fragments are fused with DNA from a bacterium (palsmid)

Recombinant DNA

use of reproductive cloning to create human embryos to procure stem cells, which have potential to develop into adult tissues(may create treatment to diseases)

Therapeutic cloning

uses computer/statistical applications to access large database concerning DNA/gene/protein information

Bioinformatics

treating diseases and injury in umas onvolving the use of harmless retro virus vectors (or other entry mechanisms) that posses the enzyme reverse transcriptase, allowing the to insert genetic information into DNA

Gene therapy

research involving gene transfer in non-human organisms has been much more extensive

transgenic and genetically-modified plants and animals are becoming more common

Genetic engineering

is an extremely specific response typically involving the production of antibodies

Specific immunity

involves receiving antibodies or antiserum from other source

Passive immunity

are hypertensive tissue reactions to part of the specific immune response

Allergies

sever allergic reactions can lead to _______ which may be life-threatening

anaphylactice shock

is a condition in which cells of the specific immune response attack healthy tissues

Autoimmunity

are those in which some aspect of immune system (usually specific) is defective, thus compromising he ability of the body to protect itselft

Immunodefiency diseases

a disease which is triggered Y the Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

a worldwide health issue and the leading cause of premature death in some countries

AIDS

a rare congenital condition in which T and B cells are defective

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SCIDS)

can occur when medical drugs are used to supplement the specific immune response, the latter of which may be too low to prevent serious and possibly fatal symptoms

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics

It is the variable that do not change

Constant

It check if consistent with hypothesis

Analyze results

___________ is based on the interpretation of data gathered

Conclusion

_________ is a general statement that describes patterns in nature

Law

it is a branch of science that deals with non-living things

Physical science

It studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter

Chemistry

It is the study of matter, it's mobility though space and tie, and related ideas like energy and force are all included in natural and physical science

Physics

it is the branch of science that studies the atmosphere and the phenomena that results from it, such as weather and climate.

Meteorology

it's is a branch off science that studies fields dealing with formal systems that describes abstract structures

Formal science

it is the study of numbers

Mathematics

It is the study of collecting and analyzing data

Statistics

It is the study of inferences and inerential relationships is its focus

Logic

This are of study combines computer science with substantial datasets to make problem-solving possible

Artificial Intelligence

It is the use of the scientific method and knowledge obtained via conclusions from the method to attain practical goals

Applied Science

It is the study that deals with human relations

Social Studies

It is the study of past and records

History

It's is th study of society

Sociology

It deals with logic and reasoning

Philosophy

It is the branch of knowledge concerned with the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth and natural resources

Economics

It involves random movement of substances or molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Diffusion

Molecules move randomly
Cell doesn't use energy (no ATP)
No need for oxygen

Passive Transport

It is the movement of soecific particles through specific carrier proteins situated in the membrane. This also follows the concentration gradient

Facilitated Diffusion

Cells use energy (with ATP)
Movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area high concentration (against the concentration gradient

Active Transport

transport of large molecules

Bulk Transport

cell eating
cell drinking

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis

3 types of solution

Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic Solution

a type of solution with high concentration of solute inside the cell, thus water enters the cell. (swell, burst)

Hypotonic solution

a type of solution where the concentrate of solute outside the cell is equal to that within the cell, water moves equally in both directions

Isotonic Solution

they are one celled organisms.
bacteria, protists, algae

Unicellular

building block of matter

atom

two or more atoms joined in chemical bonds

Molecule/compound

tiny organs of the cells that have specific function. they are known as little organs and found in the cell. Ex:mitochondria, rbosome

Organelles

cells with the same structure and function combine together

Tissue

It is a region that is divided into categories based on the animals that call it home.
Ex. Tundra, Tropical

Biomes

entire planet is thought of as an ecosystem

Biosphere

It is the process of converting and releasing energy. chemical activities that are needed for life. Ingestion, digestion

Metabolism

It is the breakdown of large molecules

Catabolism

It is the synthesis larger molecules

Anabolism

It refers to the increase in size or in Dimension. Quantitative aspect of an organism

Growth

It refers to the increase in complexity of function. Qualitative of function, Qualitative aspect of an organism

development

organisms mechanism to be better fit and to survive the condition of their environment

Adaptation

resenblances between an organism and another objects or species

Mimicry

it is the changes over time. It is responsible for variation and biodiversity, and believes that closely related organisms share common ancestry

Evolution

variation of living organisms

Biodiversity

A trait developed by the parent throughout the course of its lifetime will be passed on to the offspring

Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

continued use of an organism strengthens it, and continued diuse weakens it until it disappears

Theory of Use and Diuse

production of new organism arises from he need of it

Theory of Need

a viewpoint that asserts that sudden, global cataclysmic catastrophes are what caused the earth's geological features

Catastrophism

The writing of Thomas Malthus that predicted that as the population continued to increase, resource would become insufficient

An essay on the principle of population

The earth's geological feature are formed by slo changes

Theory of gradualism

Th geological process that are being witnessed today are the same as those that took place in the past

Uniformitarianism

The study of the geographical distribution f organisms in he past and present is called biogeography

Evidence from biogeography

Fossils are the remains, imprints, or remnants of ancient species that have survived in the Earth's crust

Evidence from fossils records or paleontology

Numerous creatures shared DNA and RNA structural similarities suggest a common ancestry that underwent change

Evidence from Molecular Biology

are physical structures shared by different organisms such as a set of bones or body from that may have been inherited from a common ancestor

Homologous structures

are structures that perform the same function but have emerged from different oriigins

Analogous structures

are structures that exists in organisms that have no known function which are believed to be remaining parts from the ancestor

Vestigial stuctures

it is the study of the development of an organism from embryo to its adult form

Embryology

Two species are simply unable to mate as they live in geographically different areas

Ecological Isolation

Mating is prevented because the reproductive organs mature at different times

seasonal isolation

the songs of birds of two species or the coloration isolation of two fishes are so different that the female of one species is able to recognize only the male of its own

Ethological (behaioral) isolation

If all the above mechanisms fail and a hybrid zygote isolation is formed it dies after some time. If the hybrid zygote survives, it dies during development

Zygotic and Developmental

it takes place when a part of population becomes geographically separated from the parental population

Allopatric speciation

A genetic barrier prevents reproduction between a section of population of a species with other members

Sympatric speciation

a mutation in which normal diploid number of chromosomes become doubled, tripled and so on in a section of population of species due to certain irregulates during cell division

Polyploidy

It is the ability to respond to stimulus

Response to stimuli/Irritability

Growth response to light

Phototropism/Phototaxis

response to gravity

Geotropism/geotaxis

response to touch

Thigmotropism/thigmotaxis

response to chemical stimulus

Chemotropism/chemotaxis

response to water or soil moisture

hydrotropism/hydrotaxis

growth response to cold

cryotropism/cryotaxis

response to electricity

Galvanotropism/galvanotaxis

response to airor water current

rheotropism/rheotaxis

response to color

chromotropism/chromotaxis

it needs gametes or sex cells, fertilization, and it involves recombination of genes of both parents.
undergoes Meiosis for the formation of sex cells known as gametes

Sexual Reproduction

This process produces a low number of offspring that requires energy

SExual reproduction

it does not utilize gametes, no fertilization involved, and it needs only a siiingle parent.

Asexual reproduction

offspring are clones of parents (genetically identical). It is a quick process producing high numbers of offspring

Asexual Reproduction

It was te first cell structure that Robert Hooke discovered in 1665

Cell wall

a glue-like substance that holds cellulose fibrils together

hemicellulose

the organic material that gives stiffness to fruit jellies

Pectin

proteins that have sugars associated with their molecules

glycoproteins

is the most abundant polymer compound on Earth

Cellulose

a middle lamella made up of pectin is formed and the cellulose cell wall develops between the middle lamella and cell membrane

Primary Cell wall

It is lignified. Is only formed in woody tissue. Stronger and waterproof. Once ________ forms, cell cannot grow anymore. It is already dead

Secondary Cell wall

semi permiable membrance. It regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.

Cell membrane

a fluid mosaic of proteins floating in a phospholipid bilayer

Cell membrane

The most prominent structure in the plant is the large _______

vacuole

is large membrane-bound sac that fills up much of most plants cells. serves as the storage area, and may contain stored organic molecules as well as inorganic ions

vacoules

used to store waste in plants

vacoule

everything within the cell membrane which is not the nucleus is known as _________

cytoplasm

is a jelly-like mixture in which the organelles are suspended; so _________ plus organelles is equal to cytoplasm

Cytosol

a characteristic feuture of plant cells is the presence of pastids that make or store food

Chloroplasts and other plastids

Each chloroplasts enclose a system of flattened membranous sac called__________ that contains chlorophyll

thylokoid

___________ contains DNA and 70s ribosomes and are semi-autonomous organelles