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CHEM

Study of matter and the changes it undergoes. (physical and chemical)

Chemistry

Cleaning purposes

Ammonia

Neutralize soil acidity

Calcium hydroxide

An antacid active ingredient, baking

Sodium bicarbonate

Good rust and stain remover and used in commercial cleaning

Oxalic Acid

Gives sour milk it's sharp taste; responsible for muscle fatigue

Lactic acid

Food preservative and food additive

Ascetic acid

Made up of two or more pure substances that are physically combined

Mixture

Observed and measured without changing the composition or identity

Physical Property

Observed only if it will undergo chemical change. Forms new substance

Chemical property

First organic compound that is derived from inorganic (French Wohler-Father of Organic Chemistry)

Urea

Father of Organic Chemistry

Friedreich Wohler

Lipids serving as energy storage and structural components of cell membranes

Fats and oils

Macromolecule carrying genetic information in living organisms

DNA Deoxyribunucleic acid

Simple sugar and essential energy source for living organisms

Glucose C6H12O6

Alcohol used in beverages and as fuel

Ethanol C2H5OH

The force that acts on the surface of a liquid

Surface tension

Organic compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity

Electrical conductivity

Ability of a substance to exist in different crystalline forms

Polymorphism

Types of intermolecular bonding

Ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interaction, van Der waals interactions

Strongest bonding /weakest bonding

Ionic/van Der waals

French chemist who defined element as any substance that could not be decomposed into simpler substances.

Antoine Lavoiser (1743-1994)

study of compounds that do not contain carbon as a central element. It is the study of feature and characteristics of metals and minerals

Inorganic Chemistry

deals with the chemical compounds and reactions that occur in living organisms. It is where chemistry and biology meet

Biochemistry

Father of Analytical Chemistry

Izaak Maurits Kolthoff

most fundamental and applies the theories of physics (specially thermodynamics) to the study of chemical systems in general

Physical Chemistry

describes an entity that occupies space, contains various particles, has different size and mass, and exhibits inertia

Matter

Energy In / particles move away / absorbs heat and energy

Endothermic

Energy Out / particles are closer / Releases energy or heat

Exothermic

He named the Proton

Ernest Rutherford

Negatively charged particles discovered by John Joseph Thompson in 1897

Electrons

uncharged paprticles
discovered by James Chadwick in 1932.

Neutrons

atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

Isotopes

Isotopes of elements are identified by their mass numbers

an arrangement of chemical elements that is very helpful tool for determining their chemical properties. This summarizes the relationship between elements.

Periodic table

States that the physical and chemical characteristics of the elements are periodic functions of thir atomic numbers

Modern Periodic Law

columns of elements

Group/Family

majority of the elements in the periodic table; Left side of the periodic table are called

Metals

zigzag/staircase pattern on the periodic table; same physical appearance as metals but behaves chemically like non-metals

Metalloids

Semi metals elements are

B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po

groups designated by a numeral and the letters B

Transition elements

a representation of the arrangement of atom and its distribution. It denotes how the electrons are distributed among the various atomic orbitals, in order to understand electronic behavior

Electron Configuration

Atoms that have a charge, meaning the number of protons is not equal to the number of electrons, giving the atom positive o negative net charge

Ions

an electrically neutral particle composed of two or more atoms chemically bonded. They can be a combination of atoms of the same element or different elements

Molecule

there are 7 common elements that exist as atomic molecules. Their atoms are too reactive to exist as independent ndividuals

H2,N2,O2,2,Cl2,Br2,I2

Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer

depends on how much matter a sample contains

Extensive Properties

Do not depend on the amount of matter in the sample

Intensive Properties

unique state of matter that occurs when the temperatures closed to zero

Boise-Einstein Condensate

Measurement of how tightly a material is packed together.
Mass per unit volume

Density

solid to liquid

melting

liquid to solid

Freezing

liquid to gas

vaporization

gas to liquid

Condensation

gas to solid

Deposition

solid t gas

sublimation

plasma to gas

recombination

gas to plasma

Ionization

carbon-containing compound

Organic compound

compounds that do not contain carbon

Inorganic compound

atoms that are bonded share electrons rather than transfer electrons from one to the other and formed when two non-metals bond to each other

Covalent compound

same throughout/one phase.
can be separated by physical methods (evaporation and filtration). Uniform compositio

also called solutions

Homogenous

homogenous mixture composed of two or more substances

Solution

branch of chemistry that deals with the calculation of quantities of substances involved in chemical reactionss

Stoichiometry

types and number of atoms in a compound

chemical formula

a small number written above and to the right of an element symbol, often indicating the charge of an ion

superscript

substance that undergo a chemical change

reactants

result of a chemical reaction

Products

a compound breaks down into simpler substances

Decomposition

One element replaces another in a compound

Single replacement (Displacement)

exchange of ions between two compounds, leading to the formation of two new compounds

Double replacement

loss of electrons

Oxidation

gain of electrons

Reduction

a substance that causes oxidation in another substance by accepting electrons

Oxidizing agent

causes reduction in another substance by donating electrons

Reducing agent

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