Bio
Comes from the Greek word "bios" (life), and "logos" (to study)
Biology
Father of Biology
Aristotle
Life was created by a supernatural being or force. Often associated with religious beliefs
Devine or Special creation theory
life originates in the earth's ocean
Marine theory
life has always existed , and there was no specific point of origin.
Philosophical Theory of eternity
the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes
Homeostasis
the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within an organisms. breakdown of molecules
Metabolism
the ability of an organism to adjust to its environment over time through genetic changes r behavioral modifications.
Adaptation
occurs when a harmless or palatable species evolves to mimic the appearance of a harmful or unpalatable species.
Batesia Mimicry
occurs when a predator o parasite evolves to resemble a harmless or beneficial species, thereby deceiving its prey or host
Aggressive Mimicry
The process by which living organisms produce offspring, ensuring the continuation of their species.
Reproduction
The science of organizing and categorizing living organisms based on their evolutionary relationships and shared characteristics
Taxonomy
Taxonomic ranks
Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Over-Family-Genus-Species
Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species
Eukarya-Animalia-Chordata-Mammalia-Primates-Hominidae-Homo-Homo sapiens
known for their ability to thrive in extreme environment
Bacteria and Archaea
Contains prokaryotes(single-celled organisms that lack a true nucleus) but differ in structural, genetic, and biochemical characteristics.
Archaea and Bacteria
highest classification in plants and animals before the 1990s when domain taxon hasn't been introduce
Kingdom
Kingdom includes_____(plants) _____(animals) Fungi, ______( chiefly protozoa and algae) ______(prokaryotes with distinct cellular characteristics that adapt them to extreme environments, such as deep-sea vents and hot springs) and ______ prokaryotes that are not archaeans)
Plantae-Animalia-Protista-Archaea-Bacteria
Not included in the main kingdoms of life
virus
Ranks below the kingdom and above the class taxonomy
Phylum
second largest phylum by species count and the largest marine phylum, a muscular foot and a oft unsegmented body that may or may not be covered with a shell (mussels, snails, and clams)
Mollusca
Have an internal skeleton and backbone or notochord(a primitive backbone) *fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals including humans*
Chordata
more complex, segmented and symmetrical worms containing a nervous system, respiratory system, and sense organs. Earthworms and leeches
Annelida
unsegmented/roundworms
nematoda
spiny body (sea star, sea urchin, sand dollars, sea cucumber, brittle star)
Echinodermata
includes various kinds of microorganisms like Fungi and lagae. the algae are further divided into green, brown, and red
thallophyta
known as vascular plants; xylem that mainly function to conduct water and dissolve minerals, and phloem, while functions mainly in the conduction of foods (sugar)
tracheophyta
any vascular plant that reproduces by means of an exposed seed, or ovule
Gymnosperms
any of about 300 000 species of flowering plants, the largest and most diverse group within the kingdom plantae
Angiosperm
The cell is the basic unit of life
Cell theory
The primary energy currency molecule used by every organism
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Geographic distribution f species can show organisms are related
Biogeography
Estimating the age of fossils involves looking at their physical positions in sedimentary rocks (__________) and radiometric isotope techniques (__________)
Relative dating and absolute dating
Coined the phrase "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny," suggesting the false claim humans start as star fish, then progress through a series of developmental stages that retrace the lower vertebrates groups before becoming human
Earnest Haeckel
havetheir own set of DNA, separate from that of the cell nucleus
Mitochondria
have their own genomes
Chloroplasts
Cells reproduce by dividing primarily through two process...
Mitosis and Cytokenis
Cytoplasm division
Cytokinesis
normally prevent the uncontrolled growth and division of cells and tissues
Tumor-suppressor genes
are primarily factors contributing to cancers
mutation
typically involves the production of oxidative metabolic by-products such as molecular variants of oxygen, which may damage the DNA, RNA, proteins and mitochondria
Free radical formation
those occurring in tissues outside of the egg or perm , could lead to diminished function; skin and connective tissues lose resiliency
somatic mutations
suggests that there are "biological clocks' or pacemakers that commence at birth and simply slow and stop, ending in death
Pacemaker theory
making exact copies of genes
Gene cloning
Restriction enzymes create DNA fragments with the gene of interest.
DNA fragments are fused with DNA from a bacterium (palsmid)
Recombinant DNA
use of reproductive cloning to create human embryos to procure stem cells, which have potential to develop into adult tissues(may create treatment to diseases)
Therapeutic cloning
uses computer/statistical applications to access large database concerning DNA/gene/protein information
Bioinformatics
treating diseases and injury in umas onvolving the use of harmless retro virus vectors (or other entry mechanisms) that posses the enzyme reverse transcriptase, allowing the to insert genetic information into DNA
Gene therapy
research involving gene transfer in non-human organisms has been much more extensive
transgenic and genetically-modified plants and animals are becoming more common
Genetic engineering
is an extremely specific response typically involving the production of antibodies
Specific immunity
involves receiving antibodies or antiserum from other source
Passive immunity
are hypertensive tissue reactions to part of the specific immune response
Allergies
sever allergic reactions can lead to _______ which may be life-threatening
anaphylactice shock
is a condition in which cells of the specific immune response attack healthy tissues
Autoimmunity
are those in which some aspect of immune system (usually specific) is defective, thus compromising he ability of the body to protect itselft
Immunodefiency diseases
a disease which is triggered Y the Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
a worldwide health issue and the leading cause of premature death in some countries
AIDS
a rare congenital condition in which T and B cells are defective
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SCIDS)
can occur when medical drugs are used to supplement the specific immune response, the latter of which may be too low to prevent serious and possibly fatal symptoms
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics