Bio review
What is a dehydration reaction
2 monomers bonding together to create a polymer
Macromolecule
Large molecules of thousands of covalently bonded atoms
Monosaccarides
Single sugars, building blocks of polysaccarides
What is the basic monosaccaride energy source
Glucose
What are dentoses
Ribose(building blocks of RNA and DNA
What are hexoses
Glucose (basic form of energy)
What is a disaccaride
deydration reaction combining 2 monosaccarides
What is glucose linkage
Creation of a disaccaride molecule
What is starch
Storage of glucose in plants
Are carbohydrates polysaccarides?
Yes
How is glucose stored in animals
Glycogen
What is cellulose
Structural polysaccaide found in a cell wall
What is fiber
Cellulose
What is chitin
Structural protein found in the exoskeleton of antheropods and in the cell walls of fungi
What are lipids
non polar and hydrophobid
What are fats
Used in the storage of energy, constructed as glycerol or fatty acids
What do fatty acids consist of
A carboxyl group attached to a larger carbon skeleton
How many fatty acids create a lipid molecule and what is it called
3, triaglyceral
What is saturated fat
Animal based and solid at RT, can lead to hypertension
What is non saturated fat
Genrally plant based, and liquid at RT, fish fats
What do fish fats contain
Omega-3
What is a phospholipid
Two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glyceral
What do steriods do?
Send messages to initiate change in the body
What is cholesteral
An important component of cell membranes
What is the danger of cholesteral
Too much of it can lead to cardiovascular disease
Describe proteins
They are coded by DNA, and are sensitive to high temps
What are enzymatic proteins
help biological reactions to occur, such as hydrolysis
Defense proteins
Anti-bodies
What are storage proteins
Storge of amino acids, must have stored for growth and development
What are transport proteins
Transport substances, such as hemoglobin
Hormonal Proteins
coordination of organisms activites (insulin)
What are receptor proteins
Responce to chemical stimuli
Contractile/Motor Proteins
Used for movement, undulations of cilia and flagella, myosin and actin muscle contrations
What is used in structural proteins
Keratin
How many polypeptides do enzymes contain
1 or more
What are amino acids
Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups,
What are the building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
What are the four different amino acids groups
Polar, non polar, and charged, positive and negative
Are charged amino acids hydrophilic
Yes
What is the primary structure
unique sequence of amino acids
What is the secondary structure
cuts and folds in polypedtide chain
What is the tertiary structure
determained by various interactions amoung side chains (R groups) and starts to be a chain, and starts to be functional
What is the quaterny structure
results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains
What is denaturation
loss of a proteins native structure, rendering it biologically inactive
What is nuclaic acid
DNA/RNA, comprising genes made of nucleaic acids
What do ribosomes do
Direct the synthesis of proteins through mRNA
Nulceaic acids are polymers called___________
Polynucleotides
What do Purines contain
A and G
What do Pyrimidines contain
C,T, and U
In RNA Thymine is replaced by what
Uracil
What are used to study subcell structure
Electron Microscopes
What does cell fragmentation use
A centerfuse
What is the plasma membrance comprised of
Phospholipids
What is cytosol
Cytoplasm
What is an example of a prokariotic cell
A bacteria cell, where there is no nucleus
Where is DNA stored in a Prokaryotic cells?
In the nucleoid region
Where is the DNA in Eukaryotic cells
In the membrance bound nucleus, inside the nuclear envelope
Is the plasma membrance selective
yes
How is the nucleus shape maintained
By the lamina
What are protein factories
Ribosomes
Where are free ribosomes
In the cytosol
Where are bound ribosomes
On the ER and Nuclear Envelope
What does the Endomembance system include
Plasma membrane, endoplasmis reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacoules
How is the endomembrance system connected
Through transport vesicles
What is the ER
Half of total membranes, communicates with the nuclear envelope
What is smooth ER
Lacks ribosomes, synthesises lipids, metabolysises carbohydrates, detoxifees drugs/poison
What is rough ER
Contains ribosomes, secrete glycoproteins, and distributes transport vessicles
What is golgi apparatus
Shipping and receiving center, spot and packages material into transport vessicles to be send around the cell
What is the cis side
Receiving side
What is the trans side
Sending side
What are lysosomes
Enzymatic sacs that digest macromolecules
Phagocytosis
Lysosomes ingulf another cell, creating a food vacoule and digest it
What is autophagy
The recognition of a misfunctioning cell and digests it and recycles the materials
What are vacoules
Central storage
What are food vacoules
formed by phagocyosis
What ar3e contratile vessicles
Pump exess water out of the cell of freshwater protists
What are Thylakoids
Membranous sacs stacked to form a granum in chloroplasts
What is stroma
Internal fluid or matrix in a chloroplast
Chloroplasts are one of what group
Plastids
Where does pigment lie
In the chloroplast
What are peroxisomes
Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by single membrane, produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water
Cytoskeleton
Is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm, gives the cell is structure and maintains shaoe
What is the three types of molecular structures in cytoskeleton
Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filamentd
What do motor proteins travel along
The cytoskeleton
What are mircrofilaments
Solid rods about 7nm diameter, built as a double trieste chain of actin subunits
Function of microfilaments
Cellular motility contain the proteon myosin is addition to actin
What is pseudopia
Cellular extensions that extend and contract through reverse assembly of actin subunits and microfilaments
Cytoplasmic streaming
circular flow of cytoplasm in the cell, to distribute materials within the cell
Primary cell wall
Thin and flexible
Middle lamella
thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells
Secondary cell wall
Added between the plasma membrance and primary cell wall
Animal cells lack cell walls but have what instead
Elaborate extracellular matrix (EMC)
What is ECM made of
Collagen proteoglycans and fibronectin
What do ECM proteins bind to in the plasma membrane
Receptor protiens called integrins
Functinos of ECM
Support, adhesion, movement, regulation
What are cell junctions
Intercellular juncions facilitate communication between cells
Types of cell junctions
Plasmodesmata, tight junctions, desmosomes, Gap junctions
Plasmodesmata
channels that pergerate cell walls, water and small solutes can pass from cell to cell
Tight junctions
Membranes of neighboring cells are oppressed together preventing extracellular leakage, do not communicate
Desmosomes
Anchoring junctinos, fasten cells together
Gap junctions
Communicating junctions,
Which juncions do not communicate
Tight junctions, desmosomes
Which junctions do communicate
Plasmodesmata, gap junctions
What fat has doulbe bond
Unsaturated
What are two important components of the scientific process?
Oberservations and experiments
What are the 4 major groups of macromolecules
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids
What are the four most important elements to life
Hydroge, oxygen, nitroge, and carbon
What is a colloid
A stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid
What is organic chemistry?
The study of compounds that contain carbon
What are three organic molecules that are considered polymers?
Carbohyates, proteins, nucleic acids
What are the three components of life?
It is cellular, preforms metabolic process, and it has DNA
what is the builfing block of a polymer?
A monomer
What occurs when two monomors are bonded together?
This a dehydration reaction
What is it called when polymers are disassembled?
Hydrolysis
Which macromolecule is not a polymer
A lipid
Is an unsaturated fat double bonded?
yes
Why cant we digest cellulose?
The OH groups are alternated on the polymer, and we do not have the enzymes capable of breaking that down the Alpha
What are classified under lipids?
Phospholipids, steriods, fats
What are the primary bonds of a protein?
Peptide bonds
What are the secondary bonds of a protein?
Hydrogen bonds
What are the two types of a secondary structure of a protein?
Alpha helix or a beta sheet, that are organized by hydrogen bonds
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
Is the interactions with different r groups
In the nucleus, DNA is organized into descrete units called
Chromosomes
What connects DNA and proteins of chromosomes
Chromatin
What do ribosomes do
Carry out protein synthesis
What are the two kinds of ribosomes
Bound and Free
What ER stores Calcium ions
Smooth ER
What is cristae
Smooth outer membrance and an inner membrance folded into a cristae
What are the components of the cytoskeleton
Mircrotubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
The hydrophic tail is located where in the plasma membrane
In the middle
What is the phospholipid bilayer
Plasma membrane
Purines are ____ and _____
A and G
Pyrimadines are ___,___, and _____
C T and U
Cholesteral is a what?
A steriod
What does cholesteral do at warm temps
Restrains the movement of phospholipids to maintain the structure of the membrane
What does cholesteral do at cold temperatures
Maintains the fluidity of the membrane by preventing tight packing
What are 6 functinos of membrane proteins
Transport, ezymatic activity, signal transductino, cell to cell recogntion, intercellular joining, attachment to the cytoskeleton and aextracellular matrix