2 monomers bonding together to create a polymer
Large molecules of thousands of covalently bonded atoms
Single sugars, building blocks of polysaccarides
Glucose
Ribose(building blocks of RNA and DNA
Glucose (basic form of energy)
deydration reaction combining 2 monosaccarides
Creation of a disaccaride molecule
Storage of glucose in plants
Yes
Glycogen
Structural polysaccaide found in a cell wall
Cellulose
Structural protein found in the exoskeleton of antheropods and in the cell walls of fungi
non polar and hydrophobid
Used in the storage of energy, constructed as glycerol or fatty acids
A carboxyl group attached to a larger carbon skeleton
3, triaglyceral
Animal based and solid at RT, can lead to hypertension
Genrally plant based, and liquid at RT, fish fats
Omega-3
Two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glyceral
Send messages to initiate change in the body
An important component of cell membranes
Too much of it can lead to cardiovascular disease
They are coded by DNA, and are sensitive to high temps
help biological reactions to occur, such as hydrolysis
Anti-bodies
Storge of amino acids, must have stored for growth and development
Transport substances, such as hemoglobin
coordination of organisms activites (insulin)
Responce to chemical stimuli
Used for movement, undulations of cilia and flagella, myosin and actin muscle contrations
Keratin
1 or more
Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups,
Amino acids
Polar, non polar, and charged, positive and negative
Yes
unique sequence of amino acids
cuts and folds in polypedtide chain
determained by various interactions amoung side chains (R groups) and starts to be a chain, and starts to be functional
results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains
loss of a proteins native structure, rendering it biologically inactive
DNA/RNA, comprising genes made of nucleaic acids
Direct the synthesis of proteins through mRNA
Polynucleotides
A and G
C,T, and U
Uracil
Electron Microscopes
A centerfuse
Phospholipids
Cytoplasm
A bacteria cell, where there is no nucleus
In the nucleoid region
In the membrance bound nucleus, inside the nuclear envelope
yes
By the lamina
Ribosomes
In the cytosol
On the ER and Nuclear Envelope
Plasma membrane, endoplasmis reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacoules
Through transport vesicles
Half of total membranes, communicates with the nuclear envelope
Lacks ribosomes, synthesises lipids, metabolysises carbohydrates, detoxifees drugs/poison
Contains ribosomes, secrete glycoproteins, and distributes transport vessicles
Shipping and receiving center, spot and packages material into transport vessicles to be send around the cell
Receiving side
Sending side
Enzymatic sacs that digest macromolecules
Lysosomes ingulf another cell, creating a food vacoule and digest it
The recognition of a misfunctioning cell and digests it and recycles the materials
Central storage
formed by phagocyosis
Pump exess water out of the cell of freshwater protists
Membranous sacs stacked to form a granum in chloroplasts
Internal fluid or matrix in a chloroplast
Plastids
In the chloroplast
Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by single membrane, produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water
Is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm, gives the cell is structure and maintains shaoe
Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filamentd
The cytoskeleton
Solid rods about 7nm diameter, built as a double trieste chain of actin subunits
Cellular motility contain the proteon myosin is addition to actin
Cellular extensions that extend and contract through reverse assembly of actin subunits and microfilaments
circular flow of cytoplasm in the cell, to distribute materials within the cell
Thin and flexible
thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells
Added between the plasma membrance and primary cell wall
Elaborate extracellular matrix (EMC)
Collagen proteoglycans and fibronectin
Receptor protiens called integrins
Support, adhesion, movement, regulation
Intercellular juncions facilitate communication between cells
Plasmodesmata, tight junctions, desmosomes, Gap junctions
channels that pergerate cell walls, water and small solutes can pass from cell to cell
Membranes of neighboring cells are oppressed together preventing extracellular leakage, do not communicate
Anchoring junctinos, fasten cells together
Communicating junctions,
Tight junctions, desmosomes
Plasmodesmata, gap junctions
Unsaturated
Oberservations and experiments
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids
Hydroge, oxygen, nitroge, and carbon
A stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid
The study of compounds that contain carbon
Carbohyates, proteins, nucleic acids
It is cellular, preforms metabolic process, and it has DNA
A monomer
This a dehydration reaction
Hydrolysis
A lipid
yes
The OH groups are alternated on the polymer, and we do not have the enzymes capable of breaking that down the Alpha
Phospholipids, steriods, fats
Peptide bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Alpha helix or a beta sheet, that are organized by hydrogen bonds
Is the interactions with different r groups
Chromosomes
Chromatin
Carry out protein synthesis
Bound and Free
Smooth ER
Smooth outer membrance and an inner membrance folded into a cristae
Mircrotubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
In the middle
Plasma membrane
A and G
C T and U
A steriod
Restrains the movement of phospholipids to maintain the structure of the membrane
Maintains the fluidity of the membrane by preventing tight packing
Transport, ezymatic activity, signal transductino, cell to cell recogntion, intercellular joining, attachment to the cytoskeleton and aextracellular matrix