infection and responses
what is antibiotics
medicines that helps to cure bacterial discease by killing of infectioses bacteriai inside the body
communicable disease??
a disease that can be spread between between induviduals either directly or indirectly
gnoreahh???
a sexuall transmitted caused by beacteria with symtonsof thick yellow dishcaredfrom coochie or dick
whats hiv
an infectiouse disease thtat weakens the immune system and lead to aids
what is maleria
a disease caused by a protist that result in recoccuring episode of fever and can be fatal
what isi measles
caused by virus shows symtop of fever and red skin rash
what are non - communicable diseasae
disease that cannot be spread between people
what are non- specific defense
chemical and physical barrier that protect the body agianst different pathogen
what are pathogens
microorganisum that cause infectious disease
whaat are rose black spotes
funngal disease where purple or black spotes develop on leaves
sallmonella
bacterial disease that caused by bacteria ingested in food
what are vaccination
the process of intorducing dead or inactive pathogens into the body to simulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies
what all are the pahtogens
virus , protist , fungi , bacteria
what are viruses
- very small
- they move inside to cell and use biochemestry to make a copy of themselves , this will reuslt in burst open of the cells, and this will release all the copies into the cell
-the damage of the cells makes the perosn ill.
what are bacteria
- bacteria are small
- they divide themselves usiing binary fission
- they produce toxin that damage cell
what are protist
-some are parasites, meaning tey use human or animals as their host
what are fungi
they can be single celled or have a body of hyphea [ thread like stuff]
thes pathogens are ________type of disease
communicable
communicable disease are spreaded by??
- contact
-water
- air
give all the viral diseases
measles, hiv, tobiacc mosiac virus
list al the bacterial disease
salmonella, gonereheoa
list the fungal disease
rose black spotes
list the protist disease
maleria
list for of the human defence system and name how they defence
1. the skin
acts as a physical barrier and produce antimicrobial secreation to defence agianst pathogens
2. nose
produce mucus and have hair which prevents partices into entering into our lungs
3. throat - stuffs
have hair and and secreat mucus to trap the pathogens
4. stomach
produce hydrochlric acid that kills any pahtogens in your mucus , food or drinks
when does specific immune system works
specific immune system comes into work when any oahtogens pass through non- specific immune system.
large part of speciifc immmune system is ________
white blood cells
what are the uses of white blood cells , explain them
1. produce antitoxins
neutralise the toxins produced by pathogens
2. produce antibodies
proteins that fight infectious disease inside the body
3. engulf the bacteria [ phagosytosis]
this means the white blood cells consume the disease cousing substance and they cna no longer make you feel ill
what is atibodies in detail
white blood cells produce proteins as a sepific defence agianst pathogens called antibodies. these are constamized t otaret a speicific pathogen like bacteria or virus and this allows them to stick to their anigens which is found in surface of every pathogens. and this allows the white blood cells to dystroy the pathogen. when the next time the same enters the body they remeber their antigen shape and immediatly produce the appropriate antibodies.
what is the meaning of the term heard immuny
vaccianntion is the process by introducing weak pathogen into body and then being protected agianst it . by vaccinating a number of people [ a herd] the chance of speadin decreases as the number of vaccinaiton increasaes the heard will become immune . this is very helpfull for old and youn people who cnat get vaccines
how does antibiotic works
ther are many ways but the way the aitbiotic pencilllin works is by interfeing the synthesis of bacterial cell wall . any bacteria has a cell wall which is crucial for their strucutural support . thsi doesent harm our cellls us we dont have a cell wall
aspirin is used as_____
painkiller
which tree is aspirin from
willow
digitalis is used to treat_____
heart problem
digitalis is derived from which tree
foxgolves
mould produce _____ that killed bacteria
penicclinn
what is preclinical testing and clinical tesitng
preclinical testing - using cell , tissue and animals
clinical testing - using vokunteers and patients
first human ,drungs are tested on ____ .
volunteers
what is a placebo
dummy drug
what strategy is used to test how well the drug works
they are splitted into two groups oe recinvein the placebo and other with real drugs . to observe the effect of drugs
what is single blind and double blind
single - only doctors know if its real or dummy
double- both patient and doctor dont know
2 stage of preclinicala testing
- lab testing - reserch on computers
- animal tesitng - different types of mammals
3 stage of clinical testing
- humans - very small dose[ to find the right dose]
-more people , to see how well the test or treatment work
-many people , compare the new treatment with old ones
what are non- communicable disease
disease that cannot be spread between people
what are tumors
they are abnormal mass of cells that undergo uncontrollable growth and division
two type of tumors
benign and melignant
which of the two tumors are cancerouse
malignent
what is the difference between benign and melignant
benign , stay in one place and they have a membraine so they dont cause harm. but melignant dont stay in one place so they spread to other parts of the body , so they can cause secondary tumors
what is cancer
abnormal cells that divide uncontrollbly and invade nearby tissue
smoking and link which cancers
lung cancer,cervicle cancer , mouth cancer , stomach
obesity is linked to which cancer
bowl , liver and kidney
ultraviolet sunexposure can cause which cancers
skin cancer
the next step after injecting a mouse with the antigen of the antibody we want to bind to
mouse then recoanize the antigen and then start producing suitabe antobodies against it
after the mouse fight agianst the antigen whats the next step
extract B- lympocites from the mouses body
step aafter extracting th b - lymoposytosis from the mouse
fuse it with malignent tumour cell
step after fusing it with malignent tumour cell
it creates hybridoma which is cloned to make more monoclonal antibodies
plant diseas ecaused by virus? what they do
tobiacc mosiac virus . it turns their leaves yellow , curl up or result in mosiac patterns on leaves . this reduce photosynthesis,, and grow properly
plant diseas ecaused by fungi and what it does
rose black spots, found in rose, reduce photosynthesis by tuning leaves yellow
plant disease caused by insect [ which inscet and what they do]
aphids , they suck sap from the plant this affect the growht of the plant
breifly explain nitrate defenciy in plants
nitorgen - used as nitrogen , which is neede to make protein , nitrate defency , the amount of chlorophyill decrease , which make leaves yelloe - so o photosyntheiss
brefily explain magnesium defency
magnesium is usd for chlorophyill , no chlorophyill = no photosyntehiss , this affect the growth of the plant
stunted growth is from
mealybugs
spots on leaves ?
rose balck spotes
discloration in leaves [ disease]
tobiacc mosiac virus
present of pest in plants
aphids
breifly explain different physical plant defences
bark - fight agisnt infection
cellulose - which forms the cell wall of plant act as anothe rbarrier
waxy cuticles - leaves are covered wiht it
what are the chemical barriers of plants
some plants produce anitbacterial chemical that help them fight agianast bacteria , we humans now use this from thwm
ohter plants have posin that help them from getting eaten
mechanical defense of plants ?
throns and hairs- protect them from damage and help them save water
drooping leaves -closing and opening its leaves [ movemnet scares animals]
mimicry -some plants like passiion fruit has yellow spotes hta tlook like butterfly eggs
magnesium defencency defensy can cause
chlorosis
treatment for corinary heart disease and its function
statins to prevent build up in arteries- pro ,reduce heart attack , no people with liver disease
heart transplant pro , lifesaving , expensive
replacing heart valves , less rish htatn heart, blood clots