PHL Final
We are convinced that other people...
Have thoughts and feelings that are fairly similar to our own
What people say is what we should say if...
We had certain thoughts, and so we infer that they probably have these thoughts
Casual laws governing my behaviour have to do with "thoughts" so...
It is natural to infer that the same is true for the analogous behaviour of friends
A causes B...
A is thought and B is physical occourance
We sometimes observe __ when we cannot observe any __, then we observe an unobserved __
B, A, A
We are supposed to know that "A causes B", and also to know that...
B has occured
A, which is thought or feeling, causes B which is a...
Bodily act (e.g a statement)
Problem of other minds...
Problem of how we are to get knowledge that other people have minds like our own
What do we seem to only have direct access to (analogy)
Our internal states (thoughts, feelings, desires)
We have come to conclude that...
Other people have minds like our own, by reflecting our own personal expereinces and concluding that other people have similar experiences
Academic sceptics argued that...
For the conclusion that knowledge was impossible
Pyrrhonian sceptics aimed to...
Reach no conclusions at all, suspending judgement on all questions, even the question of the possiblity of knowledge
Stoic epistemology...
Draws a distinction between impressions and judgements
Judgement is...
The acceptance (or rejection) of an impression
Knowledge is...
Wise judgement, or the acceptance of just the right impression
Because impressions are always fallible...
The academic sceptics argued that knowledge is impossible
Cynical Theory:
Whether someones idea counts as knowledge or mere opinion would be determined by his status as a leader or loser, and not by anything in the idea itself or it's relation to reality
Protagoras Theory of Knowledge:
Knowledge is always tied to truth, but truth is realitve to the subject (think siwimming pool example)
Semantic Externalism:
The view that words get their meanings from casual chains that connect us to things in the world
Non Reductionism:
There is a default entitlement to believe on the basis of testimony without any positive reasons (and so long as there are no negative reasons to disbelieve)
Reductionism
In order to acquire testimonial justification, hearers must possess additional positive reasons to believe what the speaker says
Transmission View (TV) is..
A testimonial exhange which invloves a speakers knowledge being transmitted to a hearer
Transmission View (TVN) is...
For every speaker (A), and hearer (B), B knows that 'p' on the basis of A's testimony that 'p', only if A knows that 'p'
Transmission View (TVS) is..
For every speaker (A),and hearer (B) if,
1. A knows that 'p'
2. B comes to believe that 'p' on the basis of the content of A's testimony that 'p'
3. B has no undefeated defeaters for beleiving that 'p', then B knows that 'p'
Testimonal injustice occurs...
When a hearer affords less credibility to a speakers testimony due to harmful identity prejudices had by the hearer
Hermenautical Injustice occurs...
When a speaker lacks a concept to adequately understand or communicate and experience where this lack stems from prejudice
Epistemic Injustice...
Refers to a wrong done to someone in their capacity as a knower due to prejudices
What are the two central kinds of epistemic injustice?
Testimonal and Hermenautical
Social power is...
A practically socially situated capacity to control others actions, where this capacity may be exercised (actively or passively) by particular social agents, or alternatively, it may operate purely structurally
Credibility excess occurs...
When a speaker recieves more credibility than they should have (e.g., a speakers English accent)
Credibility Defecit occurs...
When a speaker recieves less credibility than they should have (e.g., Arab or Middle Eastern explaining travel plans in an airport)
What does Chalmers say about living a good life in VR (value question)
He says that yes, we can! (e.g., Guy and Buddy from Free Guy)
What is virtual realism?
Virtual reality is genuine reality, with emphasis especially on the view that virtual objects are real and not an illusion
What is simmulation realism?
If we are in a simulation, the objects around us are real and not a simulation
Chinese room argument
1. Computers do not actually understand
2. Computer programs so not in some sense explain human understanding
A-series
Past, present, and future
B-series
Earlier than or later than
What is a sim?
Someone who is in a simulation
What is a biosim?
Biological beings outside of the simulation (in spatial sense), and connected to it
What is a pure sim?
A simulated being who is wholly inside the simulation
What are impure simulations?
Simulations that include elements which are not simulated
What are pure simulations?
Simulations in which everything happens to be simulated
According to Strong AI...
The computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind, rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind, in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cog. states