lecture 1-4 research methdology
concept
general decription of a social phenomenon
hypothesis
an expected, but unconfirmed relationship between variables
variable
characteristics of units that can vary (measurable/quantifiable)
hypothesis characteristics:
- can come from various sources
- provides a prediction/expectation of the results of the research
- written as a statement
- true or false?
measurement levels of variables
categorical variables = categories
continious variables = numbers
formulating descriptive hypothesis:
- must state expectation about the value taken by a variable of interest
formulating explanatory questions
- state the relationship between dependent and independent variable
1 continious statement = increases in one variable, leads to increases/decreases from another variable
2 difference statements = one continious and one categorical variable
3 conditional statements= if-then
types of continious variables
- postive relationship
- negative relationship
bivarate relationship
expected relationship between two variables
two independent variables relationship
more than two variables, with one dependent variable
mediation relationship
when an independent variable affects a dependent variable X3 -> X4 -> Y
- full mediation = 'the more time spend outdoor, the higher the change of contracting malaria'
- partial mediation
moderation relationship
two variables that are related
- when a moderator is continious, the relation between the individual variable and depoendent variable will be intensified or buffered with the values of the moderating variable
'the higher the heat, the higher the change of being hospitalized. this effect is itensified by age.'
- when a moderator is discrete, the relation is simply different between the two
'the higher the heat, the higher the chance of being hospitalized. this change is higher for people over the age of 50.'
identifying causal relationships
1. association
2. establish the direction of the influence
3. eliminate rival explanations
spurious relationships
a third variable that creates a apparent relationship.
'sunny weather causes higher ice cream consumption and higher sunburn sensitivity'
unit of analysis
about whom or what statements are made in the research
aggregated data
using combined responses across smaller units to describe a characteristic of a bigger unit
nested data
small units that are embedded within various levels and how this relates to outcomes
units of analysis: fallacy
mistaken or delusory belief or idea, founded on unsound reasoning
incorrect to generalize from smaller to bigger units/vice versa
1. ecological fallacy = group or area characteristics used to infer inidvidual characteristic
2. individualistic fallacy = inidvidual characteristics used to infer group characteristics
how to measure concepts
1. using ecisting measure insturments
2. develop measures/instruments
3. conceptualizing to operationalizing
conceptualizing =
describing/defining of concepts that one aims at measuring/observing.
latent constructs
abstract concepts that cannot be observed directly.
operationalizing
making concepts observable
measurement levels: categorical and continious
categorical =
1. nominal = variables with two or more categories, without intrinsic order 'are you a student yes or no'
2. ordinal = variables with various categories that can be ordered or ranked 'level of english levels'
continious =
1. interval = variables that can be measured along a continuum, with anumerical value 'temperature'
2. ratio = interval variables with the measurement 0 being none
reliability
- stability, consistency, precision
- random error
validity
- are you measuring what you intend to measure with this Definition?
- systematic error
improving reliability
1. test-retest
2. split-half method
3. intercoder reliability
improve validity
first:
face validity (intended to measure)
content validiy (intstrument covers all aspects (dimensions) of the concepts definition
1. Empirical validity
- predictive/criterion validity = assesing results against future external measures en comparing measurement instruments outcomes with the external outcomes.
- concurrent validity = compare other measurement instruments made at the same time
2. construct validity (relating measurement to general theoretical framework)
- correlates with related variables
- differences between known groups
- convergent validity (different ways of measuring the same concept)
- divergent/discriminant validity (a measurement instrument of a construct differentiates from other constructs from which it is supposed to differentiate)
| Cuestionario |
|---|
| Lois de probabilités |
| Business- Booklet F |
| Intérêts des statistiques |
| 7 ontleedbare stoffen |
| Rayons X |
| metallurgy exam reviewmetallurgy exam review |
| CHYS 2P10 Final Flashcards- from lecture content from the remaining lectures |
| Week 11 - Skin Care 1 - Assignment - Nutrition |
| RBCs |
| Fizika |
| Week 12 - Skin Care 1 - Assignment - Cosmetic Chemistry Part 1 and Part 2 |
| Key Spanish Vocab Year 10 Mocks |
| 1.2.2Demand |
| 1.1.5Specialisation and the Division of Labour |
| 1.4. Mon école au quotidien |
| 1.1.4Production Possibility Frontiers |
| bocchiaro |
| model |
| milgram |
| Apocalyptic Sci-Fi Authors and titles |
| 1.1.1 - 1.1.3Nature of Economics |
| woorden 3 |
| Reversible reactions |
| Rate of reaction |
| cellbiologi - metabolism |
| Inhibition enzymatique |
| Anatomy bonesbones i need for my anatomy test |
| Geography Year 9 Term 1Includes
-oceanic and continental crusts
-pangea and evidence
-convection currents
-plate boundaries (diagrams, what happens, features) |
| Intersectionallities RG&S |
| Religion Vocabulary Chapter 4 |
| Détermination protéines |
| SRMSocial Research Methodology |
| L2 S1 : DP (6,7,8) |
| L2 S1 : DP : Les élements constitutifs de l'IP : élément moral (5 2/2) |
| MEtabolism |
| Tentamen Kwalitatief Onderzoek |
| Figure de répulsion |
| Stéréochimie |
| L2 S1 : DP : Les élements constitutifs de l'infraction pénale : élément matériel (5 1/2) |
| WW6 |
| lucy |
| Psy 3080 final exam |
| EDEL 321 FINAL |
| civics unit test |
| macromolecules |
| digestive system |
| chapter 4 |
| Etre- to be (present tense) |
| Samhällskunskap 9 prov |
| RE judaism |
| modern world exam |
| latijn woorden 1/130latijn leren |
| Hoofdstuk 1 #2 |
| Reading Unit 5 Vocabulary 11-20 |
| 1- SCIN 1505 Discipline infirmières (mi-session) |
| english vocabulary (mixed) |
| discipline infirmière |
| anglais |
| History of Ireland |
| L2 S1 : DP : L'application de la loi pénale (4 2/2) |
| Pools hoofdstuk 1 #1 |
| Mécanique ventilatoire |
| Reading Trimester 1 Vocabulary |
| L'appareil ventilatoire |
| L2 S1 : DP : L'application de la loi pénale (4 1/2) |
| Physiologie respiratoire |
| yr 9 knowledge JPN |
| Triple gcse biology paper 2 |
| Bella Dunnelecrity |
| LINJEBOK II.0. NU JÄVLAR. |
| german 12 |
| OMPROF. LINJE-BOCK OCH SIGNAL. |
| Gonnerhea |
| memory |
| jia yi rekenen |
| memory |
| jia yi |
| Unit 15: Key terms |
| Final Exam Questions |
| All Quiet on the Western Front List C |
| biologygrowth and differentiation year 9 |
| Conflit Israël-Palestine : entre terre promise et religion |
| Capitale du monde |
| Haut-karabakh : un conflit centenaire entre l'Arménie et l'Azerbaïdjan |
| L2 S1 : DP : Les sources de la loi pénale (3) |
| Religion 110-C Exam |
| Lésions ADN |
| Week 4 - Skin Care 1 - Assignment - Skin Anatomy Part 2 |
| biologiebiologie |
| Chapitre 16: Santé et stress |
| Week 4 - Skin Care 1 - Assignment - Skin Anatomy Part 1 |
| Chapter 9 |
| Propriétés des acides nucléiques |
| Séquences ADN répétées |
| Chapitre 12: Personnalité |
| Ch 28 Air Induction Systems |
| chap 10 Intelligence |
| Psychology Exam Final |
| Psychology Vocabulary Chapter 9 |
| 2e semaine |
| chap 4 Developpement |
| Y9 Science - Detection in Chemistry, Forces, Fit and HealthyScience revision for the 2nd test of year 9. |
| frans h2 |
| chap 20 |
| Régime politique français |
| test 2quiz |
| Ventricles of the brain |
| Brain |
| Mandats Présidents Français |
| plab 2 |
| Biology Quiz 2 |
| ADM |
| M11: H16.6 |
| Level 3 questions |
| 9 x 9 |
| MDSÉlimination vésicale et intestinale |
| PSYCH*1000 therapies |
| Army Idrarmy idr inspection questions |
| PSYCH*1000 mental disorders |
| PSYCH*1000 health stress and coping |
| Quiz 13 surrentrainement |
| cours 12b Doping |
| cours 12b |
| BIOGLOGIE-CHAPITRE 8 |
| Répétition des ADN |
| Biochimica clinica |
| Variation |
| 1- SCIN 1557 Interventions (examen finale) |
| Anthropolgie et comportement humain |
| anatomy final |
| L2 S1 : DP : Les caractéristiques de la loi pénale (2) |
| Bases moléculaires du génome |
| L2 S1 : DP : Introduction (1) |
| Substantiv |
| MDSS.V. et mesures anthropométriques |
| samhällprov |
| Ma1c |
| Enzymologie |
| Sociology -educationeducation topic 2 |
| Sociology - Educationeducation overall AI generated |
| Sociology- EducationEducation- Sociology Topic 1 |
| Manon Lescaut |
| Introduction to Organic chemistry |
| chinese |
| sociology names! |
| Film Quotations |
| Chromosomes |
| PSYCH*1000 social psychology |
| genglish - copy |
| Interventions autre |
| PSYCH*1000 personality |
| PSYCH*1000 motivation and emotion |
| citizenship test (studying) pt2 |
| citizenship test (studying) |
| Biology exam |
| Bible Exam |
| Circulatory System |
| history |
| Week 3 - Skin Care 1 - Facial Muscles and Massage Techniques |
| indigenous art vocab |
| Week 2 - Skin Care 1 - Wellness Concepts and Aromatherapy |
| Week 7 - Skin Care 1 - Enzymes & Fitzpatrick Scale Skin Typings |
| Week 10 - Skin Care 1 - Client Consultation and Homecare |
| nederlans |
| PSYCH*1000 lifespan development |
| Geschiedenisgeschiedenis |
| quiz 10A Fixation de buts |
| diversity week 10-11 |
| African American History: American Revolutionary War for Independence EraAn exploration of African American role during the 18th Century C.E American Revolution Era . |
| ELTEKNIK. PROPH. |
| WOORDEN 2 |
| science ks3langton boys |
| Hemostase |
| Oscars Trivia |
| math trial revisionrevision flash cards for maths trial |
| Sociology test Revision |
| Tissu musculaire |
| L2 S1 : DO Sanctions de l'inexécution (papier orange moyen) (8) |
| L2 S1 : Les effets du contrat entre les parties (papier moyen bleu) (6) |
| L2 S1 : Le contenu du contrat (papier vert moyen) (5) |
| L2 S1 : Le consentement (papier rose bas) (4) |
| L2 S1 : Les avant-contrats (papier orange bas) (3) |
| anatomisk språk |
| Tissu nerveux |
| L2 S1 : DO : La période pré-contractuelle (papier bleu bas) (2) |
| Kin - MusclesHip Flexors & Extensors - Anterior & Posterior
Hip Adductors
Quads
Hamstrings
Anterior & Posterior Extrinsic Foot Muscles |
| Hematology |
| SOC Final |
| module 5 part 3- final |
| personalities |
| PAST TIMES |
| MDSPrévention des infections et
Examen mentale et physique |
| DAILY ROUTINE |
| GÉOGRAPHIE CULTURELLE |
| titles of JesusMr O is cruel |
| semiologie cardique |
| cours 9A relaxation |
| Jayla |
| thoracic and lumbar spine revision |
| KIN 1070 Final Exam |
| Stimulus Recover Adapatation (SRA) |
| cours 9b Imagerie et hypnose |
| pelvis, hip and femur revision |
| psycho cours 6 |
| WGS FInal |
| PSYCH*1000 intelligence |
| vocab 14 |
| History |
| PSYC*1000 thought and language |
| knee revision - diagnostic radiography |
| Kraft och rörelse |
| Engelska läxa |
| frans leest toets |
| Intro to Canadian Legal System - Dec 6study for test |
| Intro to Canadian Legal System |
| welness exam |
| PSYC*1000 memoryquestions to practice for psych final exam |
| particel model of matter |
| Criminal Law- non-fatal offences |
| ..... |
| strat socialestrat sociale quizz |
| French |
| EngelsVwo leerjaar 1 Irregular verbs |
| russian |
| L2 S1 : DO : Introduction (papier vert bas) (1) |
| women |
| History 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 2.1, 2.2 |
| Stoichometry |
| SOC Term 2 |
| social chapter 2 quizsocia |
| OSI Model Layers |
| Molecular Genetics Part 2 |
| chem 120 |
| Week 1 - Skin Care 1 - First Impressions & Room Furnishings |
| Week 1 - Skin Care 1 - Bacteriology & Sanitation |
| Crim 2p33 start-test 1 |
| PSYCH 333: Early Adulthood |
| PSYCH 333: Adolescence |
| Intervention |
| DNA |
| korean |
| Module 6- part 4 |
| Criminal law- sexual offences |
| Criminal Law- Robbery |
| Bio Unit 0,3a,3b |
| English NounsPeople = Personas |
| Crim 2P33 2nd midterm-final class |
| Economie |
| tent |
| Gov final |
| 2.2 History Review |
| 2.1 History Flashcards |
| diritto internazionale |
| initiation |
| frans |
| frans |
| woorden |
| L2 S1 : HDP Section 5 & 6 (Mr Hoarau) (7) |
| EPA - Project Management |
| L2 S1 : HDP : Des peines et des châtiments (Mr Hoarau) (6) |
| L2 S1 : HDP La naissance et développement de la procédure laique (Mr Hoarau) (5) |
| PSYCH 333: Early AdulthoodFinal exam on December 11 |
| droit penal international |
| PSYCH 333: Middle AdulthoodFinal exam on December 11 |
| French |
| Science test Prep 2 |
| science |
| french verbs |
| New Religious Movements |
| L2 S1 : HDP Section 1 : justice royale et 2 : sources (Mr Hoarau) (4) |
| Life science |
| Criminal Law- Duress |
| Criminal law- Self-Defence |
| Criminal law- Theft |
| Chapter 13- STD's |
| spanska till 5 December |
| Psych exam! |
| L2 S1 : HDP La peine dans le monde héllénistique antique (Mme Lault) (3) |
| Module 6 part 3 final anatomy |
| Chapter 12- Substance Use and Abuse |
| Fegato |
| the atomic structure |
| Chapter 11- Cancer development |
| Criminal, Civil or Administrative |
| L2 S1 : HDP De la justice domestique à la justice publique (Mme Lault) (2) |
| Chapter 10- Cardio disease |
| L2 S1 : HDP Introduction (Mme Lault) (1) |
| chap 13les sentiments |
| chap 55time and calendar |
| micro final |
| zinnnen c franslet op interpunctie
groetjes juul |
| Biology Revision Y8 2023 |
| frans b |
| Marie |
| L2 S1 : FP La procédure du budget de l'Etat et son contrôle : Partie 5 (5) |
| MusclesMuscles |
| physics revision part 2 |
| Bio lecture 28-30 slide 14 |
| REC 230 |
| physics revision part 1 |
| Climate change |
| anatomy 3 |
| Labo des nerfs |
| L2 S1 : FP La procédure lois de finances/ budget : Partie 3 & 4 (4) |
| vocab |
| motion |
| energy |
| space |
| electricity |
| sound |
| forces |
| geschiedenis blad |
| L2 S1 : FP La loi de finances : Partie 2 (3) |
| bio lec 6 |
| E.M.C |
| bio lec 5 |
| Weather Abbreviations |
| unit 4 higher vocab 2 |
| french |
| 19 gedragsproblematiek |
| maths conversions |
| crime 1.4 |
| franska viktiga verb |
| franska grammatik |
| Nederlands woordenschatwoorden en spreekwoorden |
| la comida |
| frans a |
