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offender profiling

what is offender profiling

an investigation tool used with other policing methods for solving crime.

what is top down profiling

it is when an analysis of previous crime is used to create a profile of a likely offender

what are the four stages for a top down approach

Data assimilation- information is collected from many sources

Crime scene classification- crime scenes are classified as organised or disorganised


Crime reconstruction- hypotheses are generated about the crime sequence of events


Profile generation- a profile is now developed about the offender

Evaluation for top down

s- Pinizzotto found that td profiling is useful 83% of the time. Trager and Brewster found that td profilling helped 62% with interrogation of suspect then 53% However, td is based on hunches and intuitions reduces credibility.

w- it is hard to make a distinguish between organised and disorganised. Turvery said that crime scene classification is false and distinct categories. furthermore, david canter analysed 39 aspects. no distiniction between organised and disorganised.

however, arthur shawcross was found using td but this is a case study and cannot be generalised.

what is bottom up profilling

when it builds a picture of the criminal from facts collected from previous crimes so there is no intuition used

what is investigative psychology

the apply psychological theories to the analysis of crime scenes

what are four principles for investigative psychology

interpersonal coherence- behaviour is consistent across all situations
time and place- gives clues to where the culprit lives

criminal characteristics- placing the culprit into categories

forensice awareness- if they have have been involves with the police in the past

what is geographical profilling

centred about where crimes are committed and considered the spatial relationship between crimes. Offenders are most likely to commit crime where they live or where the routinely travel to

what is the circle theory

offenders have a spatial mindset and they commit crimes in an imagened circle
marauder-crimes are committed near their homes

commuter-travel to commit crimes

evaluation for bottom up approach

s-investigative psychology works as canter found the railway rapist by using it
w-geographical profilling is oversimplified as it does not look at behaviour

s-it is more objective and scientific than the top down approach as it uses statistical techniques adds reliability however some info may be innacurate

what are the three biological explanations

atavistic, egentic and neural

what is the historical approach- atavistic

Lombrosso suggested thst criminals have specific features and cannot fit in within society in 1870's they were seen as lacking evolutionary development. e.g heavy brow, large jaw and large ears

eval for atavistic

w- facial features does not link to offending behaviour as it is is due to social factors. Kaplans self-derogation theory.
w- lombrossos study was unrepresentative as his sample contained people with learning disabilities

genetic explanation

criminals are born with a gene that makes them criminals such as brunner analysed the DNA of 28 male of a dutch familly that has a history of crimes. all had a gene that led to a low production of a cheminal called MAOA

Eval for genetics

w- genetic science is still in its infancy and there is not much understanding of how behaviour leads to crime
w- brunners sample is androcentric and only consists of a family that has commited specifc crimes

neural explanations

biochemicals in the brain can lead to crime such as high noradrenaline low serotonin and high dopamine
and also how in criminals their brains develops abnormally

eval for neural

w-most biochemistry studies has been on animals so you cannot generalised however Higley found that male primates have low serotonin
w- offender cannot be blamed for brain development as they have no control over it so it disgarees with the legal system however they use scientific methods such as brain scans so it is not bias and evidence is objective

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