Liz sociology
Nuclear family
A heterosexual, monogamous, married couple with dependent children
Household
The people who share a house and its facilities. They may not all be family E.g. flatmates
Extended family
The people outside your immediate family. E.g. aunties, uncles, cousins, grandparents. In working class areas and some cultures, they often live very close together
Ethnicity
The differences between cultures - shared values, traditions and beliefs. Shared ancestral history.
*Many of these differences between ethnicities are learned through socialisation
Extreme nationalism
One of the key features is the intolerance of others. This is often distrusted because it can result in extreme forms of behaviour, like in the rise of Nazism
Civic nationalism
This is often seen as more positive, because it unites people together to feel a sense of pride in their country. Governments often encourage it. It is prevalent in the USA where school children stand for the national anthem and say the pledge of allegiance
Nation
A particular geographical area with which a group of people identify, to which they share among themselves a sense of belonging based on a common sense of culture, history and usually language
Nation-state
Is a nation which has its own independent government controlling a geographical area
Nationality
Citizenship of a nation-state, including things like voting rights, a passport and the right of residence
Cultural capital (Pierre Bordieu
The social assets available to you if you are a member of the dominant social class, E.g. accent, education, they way you dress, manners. These things promote social mobility
Social class
A group of people with similar education, income and occupations
Sex
Biological difference
Gender
Culturally created differences between (traditionally) men and women
Gender role
Pattern of behaviour expected from individuals of a particular sex
Gender identity
How people see themselves and how others see them. A person's sense of being male, female, both, neither or anywhere along the gender spectrum.This may be the same as or different from the birth assigned sex
Manipulation
Parents encourage certain behaviours and discourage non-desirable behaviour E.g. "boys dont cry / thats not very ladylike"
Canalisation
Boys and girls are channelled into different activities and ways of acting, so they are given appropriate toys, books, clothing etc.
Verbal appellations
Girls and boys are spoke to using gendered terms E.g. "little angel, cheeky monkey"
Formal control
This is where institutions in society to ensure people behave in a certain way
*Police and legal system
*Armed forces
*Schools
Informal control
This is where people are controlled through moral codes. People usually learn these codes as young children and their conscience helps to ensure they follow them
Sanctions
A reaction (or the threat or promise of a reaction) by members of a social group indicating approval or dissaproval of a mode of conduct and serving to enforce behavioral standards of the group.
Norms
What is considered to be normal behaviour
*Shaking hands to greet
*Saying "bless you" when someone sneezes
Values
What a person feels is important to them. They help to decide what is good / bad.
*Honesty
*Kindess
*Integrity
*Fairness
Mores (more-ays)
Stronger form of norms - behaviour that is seen as essential to maintain decency. Eg. lying, stealing, drug abuse, bullying, violence
Beliefs
Morals and ideas that come from each individual and influence how we behave. E.g. stealing is bad, murder is wrong
Roles
How someone who occupies a particular status / situation is expected to act. Headteacher vs.Teaching assistant
Status
The posistion that a person has in our society. This can affect how they behave and interact with others
Ascribed status
What you are born with
Achieved status
The result of a persons efforts
Dominant culture
*The main culture of a society, shared by the majority of people.
*We might argue that the main features of a British culture have historically been white and Christian, with English as the dominant language
Subculture
*As society grew, it became more complicated.
*Smaller, subcultures formed and solidified their own way of life that differ in some or many ways to the dominant culture,
*Values and beliefs may differ.
*These subcultures are not seperate from the dominant culture, but live within it.
E.g. the traveller community
Folk culture
*Created by local communities and rooted in tradition, experiences and beliefs of everyday people.
*Associated with pre / early industrialisation.
*Authentic rather than manufactured.
*Traditions are passed on from one generation to the next.
*Think: storytelling, folk music, morris dancing
High culture
*Traditionally seen as cultural products or activities of lasting artistic and literary value.
*Particularly admired and approved of by the elite and upper classes.
e.g. ballet, opera, art galleries, museums
Mass (popular) culture
*Culture liked and enjoyed by the majority.
*A product of industrial society.
*Commercially produced.
*Spread on a wide scale.
*Trends are often short lived (contrary to folk culture)
Social control
Rules that we follow to conform to the expectations of society E.g.Trying to look a certain way, diet culture or just driving to a speed limit to make roads safer