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Biology Unit 4: Animal Anatomy

What do nutrients do?

Help with growth, energy, building and repairing tissue.

What are the six nutrient groups?

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals, vitamins, and water

Body size, physical activity, gender, age, and heredity are all factors of what?

Factors that influence energy requirements

What is metabolic rate?

The speed at which the body converts stored energy into working energy

What is the sum of all anabolic and catabolic processed in the body

Metabolism

What dies an anabolic process do?

Build up nutrients

What does a catabolic process do?

Break down nutrients

What is thhe major source of energy in our diets?

Carbohydrates

What are the three types of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

What is an example of a monosaccharide?

Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose

Sucrose and lactose are an example of what?

Disaccharides (two monosaccharides joined together)

What are some examples of polysaccharides (many monosaccharides joined together)?

Complex sugars such as cellulose, starch, and glycogen

What is another name for fibre?

Cellulose

What must happen to carbohydrates before the body can use them?

They must be digested into monosaccharides

Where are carbohydrates stored?

Liver and in muscles as glycogen

What happens to excess carbohydrates?

They are converted to lipids and stored as fat

What is considered the building blocks of cells?

Protein

Where can proteins be found in the body?

Muscle, enzymes, hemmiglobin, connective tissue, hormones, and antibodies

What are proteins made of?

Amino acids

How many amino acuds are there in the human body?

20

How many amino acids can the body make?

12, the other 8 must be ingested

What provides a concentrated source of energy within the body?

Lipids

Where are lipids found in the body?

The cell membranes and hormones

What are the types of lipids?

Saturated fats and unsaturated fats

What are lipids typically composed of?

Glycerol and three fatty acids

How much if your body does water make up?

55-60%

What do vitamins do for your body?

Help cell procces and repair

What is a key component in hemmoglobin?

Iron

What is the gastrointestinal tract?

A continuous tube from mouth to anus

What do amylases do?

Breaks down starches into disaccharides

What is bolus?

A food ball

What is the esophagus?

Tube from mouth to stomach

What is the contraction of smooth muscles to push bolus called?

Peristalisis

What is the capacity if the stomach?

About 1.5 litres

What stimulates the release of gastric juice?

Gastrin

What is the function of mucus?

Protecting the stomach walls from being digested

What does HCl do?

Activates pepsinogen, kills pathogens, and breaks down connective tissues

What does pepsin do?

Breaks down proteins into polypeptides

What is the entrance to the stomach called?

Esophageal sphincter

What is the exit of the stomach guarded by?

Pyloric sphincter

What is an ulcer?

An open wound on the surface if an organ

What is an endoscope?

A device used to observe the interior of the body without invasive sugery

What materials can be absorbed by stomach walls?

Water, vitamins, some medications, and alcohol

What is the site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption in the body?

The small intestine

True/False: Mammals that eat mear have a shorter small intestine than those that eat plants

True

What is the duodenum?

First 25-30 cm of the small intestine

What is the middle section of the small intestine called?

Jejunum

What is the last section of the small intestine called?

Ileum

What does HCl do to prosecretin?

Coverts it to secretin that gets transffered to the pancreas and stinulates the release of pancreas fluids

What does trypsin do?

Breaks long polypeptides into shorter polypeptides

What does erepsin do?

Changes polypeptides into amino acids

What to lipases do?

Break lipids down into fatty acids

Where is bile stored?

The gall bladder

What are villi?

Small fingerlike projections that increase absorptive area of the small intestine

What does the liver do?

Makes bile

What is passive transport?

Requires no energy and goes down a concentration gradient

What is sinple diffusion?

Diffusion that goes directly through cell membrane

Whay is facilitated diffusion?

Diffusion through a cell membrane that requires a carrier protein

What is diffuion in water called?

Osmosis

What is active transport?

Requires energy and goes against concentration gradient

What dies the large intestine do?

Reabsorb water and some minerals and vitamins

What is the rectum?

Temporary storage for feces

What is the anus?

A ring of voluntary muscle through which ehestion occurs

What is egestion?

The removal of digestive waste from the body

What is cellular respiration?

The series of chemical processes by with nutrients is broken down to provide energy

What three things provide energy?

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

What is gas exchange?

The process by which oxygen diffuses into body cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of cells

What is the process of moving oxygen rich air into the lungs and carbon dioxide rich air out of the lungs?

Ventilation

What is the purpose of the naval cavity?

Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air

What is the trachea?

A soft tube with C-shaped ringns made of cartilage that connects the pharynx to the bronchus

What are the two tubes that connect the trachea to wither side of the lung called?

Bronchus

What are bronchioles?

Branching tubes that connect the bronci to the alveoli

What are thin-walled air sacs through which gas exchange takes place called?

Alveoli

What is homeostasis?

The maintaining of constant internal environment

What part of the brain is responsible for homeostasis?

Hypothalamus

What muscles are involved in breathing?

Diaphragm, external intercostals, and internal intercostals

What dies the circulatory system do?

Transports nutrients to cells, wadte away from cells, and hornones from glands to target tissues. It distributes heat throughout the body and maintains body fluid levels

How many km of blood vessels does the circulatory system have?

96000km

What are the three main features of every circulatory system?

A fluid, a network of tubes, and a pump

What are the two types of circulatory system?

Open and closed

How much blood does the average person have?

5 litres

What is plasma?

The fluid portion of blood

Albumins, globulins, and fibringons are all what?

Blood proteins

What is another name for red blood cells?

Erythrocytes

What is the function if red blood cells?

Transports oxygen to cells

What does hemoglobin mean?

Iron containing pigment and protein structure

What is the average lifespan of red blood cells?

120 days

What is another name for white blood cells?

Leukocytes

How many white blood cells are there in each mL of blood?

6000-8000

True/False: White blood cells do not have a nucleus.

False. White blood cells do have a nucleus

Where are white blood cells made?

Bone marrow and lymph nodes

What di white blood cells do?

Destroy invaders in the body

What is anither name for platelets?

Thrombocytes

What do platelets do?

Cause blood clotting

Who dicovered blood types?

Karl Landsteiner

What is agglutination?

Red blood cells clumping together

What are the major blood vessels?

Arteries, veins, and capillaries

What do arteries do?

Carry blood away from heart

What is a fluid filled bulge in the inner wall of an artery called?

An aneurysm

What is vasoconstriction?

When arterioles become smaller

What is vasodilation?

Arterioles become larger

What is atherosclerosis?

Accumulation of fat on an inner arterial wall

What are capillaries?

Very thin blood cells that join arterioles and venules

What do veins do?

Carry blood back to heart

What is a pericardium?

A double walled fluid filled membrane that surrounds the heart

What is the myogenic mucle?

A muscle that contracts without external nerve simulation

What is the bundle of nerve tissue that serves as the pacemaker called?

The sinoatrial node

What is the atrioventicular node?

A bundle of nerve tissue that generates an impulse that travels through the purkinje fibres to the ventricles

What is an electrocardiogram?

A map of electrical activity in the heart

What causes heart sounds?

Valves closing

What caused a heart murmur?

Leaky valves

What is the role of the lymphatic system?

To maintain blood volume and filter bacteria and other components from blood

What is lymph?

Fluid found in lymph vessels

What are lymph vessels?

Tubes that carry lymph

What are enlargements along lymph vessels where macrophages consume bacteria called?

Lymph nodes

What does the spleen do?

Filters lymph

What covers lower trachea and upper heart and is the site for T-cell maturation?

Thymus gland

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