Biology Unit 4: Animal Anatomy
What do nutrients do?
Help with growth, energy, building and repairing tissue.
What are the six nutrient groups?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals, vitamins, and water
Body size, physical activity, gender, age, and heredity are all factors of what?
Factors that influence energy requirements
What is metabolic rate?
The speed at which the body converts stored energy into working energy
What is the sum of all anabolic and catabolic processed in the body
Metabolism
What dies an anabolic process do?
Build up nutrients
What does a catabolic process do?
Break down nutrients
What is thhe major source of energy in our diets?
Carbohydrates
What are the three types of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
What is an example of a monosaccharide?
Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose
Sucrose and lactose are an example of what?
Disaccharides (two monosaccharides joined together)
What are some examples of polysaccharides (many monosaccharides joined together)?
Complex sugars such as cellulose, starch, and glycogen
What is another name for fibre?
Cellulose
What must happen to carbohydrates before the body can use them?
They must be digested into monosaccharides
Where are carbohydrates stored?
Liver and in muscles as glycogen
What happens to excess carbohydrates?
They are converted to lipids and stored as fat
What is considered the building blocks of cells?
Protein
Where can proteins be found in the body?
Muscle, enzymes, hemmiglobin, connective tissue, hormones, and antibodies
What are proteins made of?
Amino acids
How many amino acuds are there in the human body?
20
How many amino acids can the body make?
12, the other 8 must be ingested
What provides a concentrated source of energy within the body?
Lipids
Where are lipids found in the body?
The cell membranes and hormones
What are the types of lipids?
Saturated fats and unsaturated fats
What are lipids typically composed of?
Glycerol and three fatty acids
How much if your body does water make up?
55-60%
What do vitamins do for your body?
Help cell procces and repair
What is a key component in hemmoglobin?
Iron
What is the gastrointestinal tract?
A continuous tube from mouth to anus
What do amylases do?
Breaks down starches into disaccharides
What is bolus?
A food ball
What is the esophagus?
Tube from mouth to stomach
What is the contraction of smooth muscles to push bolus called?
Peristalisis
What is the capacity if the stomach?
About 1.5 litres
What stimulates the release of gastric juice?
Gastrin
What is the function of mucus?
Protecting the stomach walls from being digested
What does HCl do?
Activates pepsinogen, kills pathogens, and breaks down connective tissues
What does pepsin do?
Breaks down proteins into polypeptides
What is the entrance to the stomach called?
Esophageal sphincter
What is the exit of the stomach guarded by?
Pyloric sphincter
What is an ulcer?
An open wound on the surface if an organ
What is an endoscope?
A device used to observe the interior of the body without invasive sugery
What materials can be absorbed by stomach walls?
Water, vitamins, some medications, and alcohol
What is the site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption in the body?
The small intestine
True/False: Mammals that eat mear have a shorter small intestine than those that eat plants
True
What is the duodenum?
First 25-30 cm of the small intestine
What is the middle section of the small intestine called?
Jejunum
What is the last section of the small intestine called?
Ileum
What does HCl do to prosecretin?
Coverts it to secretin that gets transffered to the pancreas and stinulates the release of pancreas fluids
What does trypsin do?
Breaks long polypeptides into shorter polypeptides
What does erepsin do?
Changes polypeptides into amino acids
What to lipases do?
Break lipids down into fatty acids
Where is bile stored?
The gall bladder
What are villi?
Small fingerlike projections that increase absorptive area of the small intestine
What does the liver do?
Makes bile
What is passive transport?
Requires no energy and goes down a concentration gradient
What is sinple diffusion?
Diffusion that goes directly through cell membrane
Whay is facilitated diffusion?
Diffusion through a cell membrane that requires a carrier protein
What is diffuion in water called?
Osmosis
What is active transport?
Requires energy and goes against concentration gradient
What dies the large intestine do?
Reabsorb water and some minerals and vitamins
What is the rectum?
Temporary storage for feces
What is the anus?
A ring of voluntary muscle through which ehestion occurs
What is egestion?
The removal of digestive waste from the body
What is cellular respiration?
The series of chemical processes by with nutrients is broken down to provide energy
What three things provide energy?
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
What is gas exchange?
The process by which oxygen diffuses into body cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of cells
What is the process of moving oxygen rich air into the lungs and carbon dioxide rich air out of the lungs?
Ventilation
What is the purpose of the naval cavity?
Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air
What is the trachea?
A soft tube with C-shaped ringns made of cartilage that connects the pharynx to the bronchus
What are the two tubes that connect the trachea to wither side of the lung called?
Bronchus
What are bronchioles?
Branching tubes that connect the bronci to the alveoli
What are thin-walled air sacs through which gas exchange takes place called?
Alveoli
What is homeostasis?
The maintaining of constant internal environment
What part of the brain is responsible for homeostasis?
Hypothalamus
What muscles are involved in breathing?
Diaphragm, external intercostals, and internal intercostals
What dies the circulatory system do?
Transports nutrients to cells, wadte away from cells, and hornones from glands to target tissues. It distributes heat throughout the body and maintains body fluid levels
How many km of blood vessels does the circulatory system have?
96000km
What are the three main features of every circulatory system?
A fluid, a network of tubes, and a pump
What are the two types of circulatory system?
Open and closed
How much blood does the average person have?
5 litres
What is plasma?
The fluid portion of blood
Albumins, globulins, and fibringons are all what?
Blood proteins
What is another name for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
What is the function if red blood cells?
Transports oxygen to cells
What does hemoglobin mean?
Iron containing pigment and protein structure
What is the average lifespan of red blood cells?
120 days
What is another name for white blood cells?
Leukocytes
How many white blood cells are there in each mL of blood?
6000-8000
True/False: White blood cells do not have a nucleus.
False. White blood cells do have a nucleus
Where are white blood cells made?
Bone marrow and lymph nodes
What di white blood cells do?
Destroy invaders in the body
What is anither name for platelets?
Thrombocytes
What do platelets do?
Cause blood clotting
Who dicovered blood types?
Karl Landsteiner
What is agglutination?
Red blood cells clumping together
What are the major blood vessels?
Arteries, veins, and capillaries
What do arteries do?
Carry blood away from heart
What is a fluid filled bulge in the inner wall of an artery called?
An aneurysm
What is vasoconstriction?
When arterioles become smaller