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REDOX- Chemistry of life

How are oxisdation and Reduction needed in biology

Photosynthesis and Respiration both need REDOX reactions to take place

What is oxididation

When a chemical species loses electrons it is oxidised

What is Reduction

When a chemical species will gain an electrons it has been reduced

What is REDOX

When oxidation and rediction take place at the same time
Atoms that donate electrons are called reducing agemst but are oxidiesed themselves and atoms that accept electrons are called oxidising agenst but themselves are reduced

What are half reactions

REDOX reactions have one oxidising reaction and one reduction reactions
All metals are able to be reducing agents due to become oxidised and donate electrons but have different levels of strengths

How to measure Standard reduction potentials

Can compare different susbatnsces in an electrochemical cells
They have 2 half cells connnected by salt bridge for elecetron flow

Metals act as electrodes and an electrical flow between them

Then measure the potential difference between the 2 electrodes

The oxdising metal becomes + and reducing agents become -

The size of potential difference is proportional to readiness that electrons are domnated by reducing agent

What is the standar Hydrogen electrode

Used to record relative half cell potential of other metals under standard conditions of 1 M H+
Can determine what metals are stronger reducing agents due to more - potential difference

What is the oxidation number

Provide a way to keep track of electron movement during a reaction in where atoms are oxidised and reduced
Increase in oxidation number = Oxidation has occured

Decrease in oxiidation number = Reduction has occcured

How to assign oxidation numbers

Draw out the structure to show electrons shared equally between pair of ataom in covalent bond
Redraw structure as if it was ionic bond to shwo the electrons associated with most electronegative atom

Substract the number of electrons in ionic model from the number of electrons in covalent model to get oxidation number

What is respiration

The breakdown of glucose to release energy by series of REDOX reactions with molecules that are good at carrying electrons
The last step is oxidative phosphorylation so e- are used to pump protons across membrane to make porton gradient that drive ATP synthesis

What is the TCA cycle

In the 2nd half of the cycle Oxoalacetate is regenerated from succinate to prodice FADH2 and NADH that carry electrons fro oxidtaive phosphorylation

How is succinate converted to Fumartae

Due to FAD will gain 2 electrons to become FADH2 so then succinate is oxidised to fumarate and the FAD is reduced

How is Malate formed

This is formed by tbhe hydration of succinate to form malate so is the additon of H2O

What is Malate used for

Used to generate Oxaloacetate by NAD will become NADH so is rediced so the malate is reduced
Need Oxaloacetate to produce citrtae with additon of acetly CoA to start next TCA cycle

What is oxidative phosphorylation

There is the reduction of oxygen to create the electrical membrane potential and proton gradient and turn O2 to H2O
There is a flux of proton that come back into the matrix via ATP syntahse enzyme so ATP is produced

What is the electron transport chain

It is a flow of electrons that are coupled to transport protiens that from the chain
The standard reduction potential tell what way the electrons will flow

Negative Potenial = Give up e- anmd + Potential = Accept e-

How do electrons flow in NADH-Q oxidoredutase complex 1

NADH reduce Flavin
Electrpons pass via series of iron sulfur cluster wherer eahc time REDOX happen an dincrease reduction potential to conenzyme Q

Energy used to pump out 4 protons out of matrix to intermembrane space

QH2 go into complex 3 for furhter redox

How are reducing potential and free energy linked

Reduction potential are a meausre for standard free energu in a REDOX reaction, so determine where equlibrium will lie
DeltaG = -nFDdelta E

n = number of electrons F= Faraday constant

How is ATP synthesized

Proton gradient power ATP synthase enzyme so atp is produced when H+ travel through down the proton gradient back to the matrix

What is the free energy stored in`the proton gradient

Delta G = Delta G of [Proton] + Delta G of electric potential

Delta G proto = RT ln(C outside/ C inside )


Delta G Electrical potential = ZF Delta V

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