IPM
Refers to the use of combination of tactics to reduce/manage pest population so that economic damage is avoided and adverse effect in the environment is minimized
Pest Management
Uses a combination of biological, mechanical, cultural, and chemical means to control pests.
Integrated Pest Management
Helps to reduce pesticide resistance, reduces chemical costs, limits chemical exposure, and reduces environmental exposure to pesticides
Integrated Pest Management
IPM means considering all available pest control techniques and other measures that discourage the development of pest populations, while minimizing risks to human health and the environment (FAO)
Integrated Pest Management
For farmers, IPM is the best combination to manage diseases, insects, weeds and other pests.
Cultural, Biological, and chemical measures
it takes into account all relevant control tactics and methods that are locally available, evaluating their potential cost-effectiveness.
Integrated Pest Management
Does not, however, consist of any absolute or rigid criteria. It is a flexible system that makes good use of local resources and the latest research, technology, knowledge and experience
Integrated Pest Management
is a site-specific strategy for managing pests in the most cost-effective, environmentally sound, and socially acceptable way.
IPM
Implementation of this is lies with farmers, who adopt practices they view as practical and valuable to their activities
IPM
An economically viable, environmentally sound and socially acceptable approach to crop protection (ICCPM)
IPM
Careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticide and othe interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment.
IPM
Emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanism. (FAO, 2012).
IPM
Why IPM is important?
To produce more crops to meet the demand and increase yields requires agricultural practices or requirements to maximixe production and minimize losses while protecting environment.
Tolerant/resistant cultivars - Fertilization, Weed Management, Irrigation, Crop rotation, etc.
Preventive (indirect) crop protection
certified healthy weeds/plants - Enhancement of natural enemies
Preventive (indirect) crop protection
Warning/Forecasting/ Early diagnosis systems, Threshold values, resistance management, area-wide control
Risk Assessment/ Decision Making
Biotechnical, Physical, Biological
Responsive direct crop protection
Chemical
Responsive direct crop protection
Provides multiple benefits for society and the environment. It is vital for the long term future of the plant science industry.
Benefits of IPM
Improved crop profitability due to better
Pest control measures and appreciate use of crop protection products
Stable, reliable, and quality crop yields
decreased severity of pest infestations
reduced potential for problems of pest resistance or resurgence
Increased consumer confidence in the safety and quality of food and fiber products
Multiple benefits for society and environment
Crop protection companies that integrate IPM principles into marketing and customer support for their products also stand to benefit
Benefits of IPM
integrate IPM principles into marketing and customer support for their products
Crop protection companies
Sustained market share and access
Less risk of restrictions or deregistration
New opportunities for established and novel products, techniques and services
Longer product lifecycles
Decreased resistance of pests to crop protection products and biotech plants
Increased public confidence in, and credibility of, the crop protection industry
Benefits of IPM ( Crop protection Companies)
IPM requires competence in three areas
Prevention, Monitoring, and Intervention
Prevent the build-up of pests
Prevention
Includes a range of practical strategies that suit local conditions
Prevent
Understand conditions, select varieties, and manage crops
prevention
Monitor crops for both pests and natural control mechanisms
Monitoring
Involves scoutting for pests (insects, diseases, and weeds) to determine of when and how intervention shoul occur
Monitoring
Inspect fields, identify issues, and determine action
Monitoring
Intervene when control measures are needed
Intervention
Choose method, plan approach, and intervene responsibly
Intervention
Many aspects of crop management are designed to prevent initial outbreaks of insects, diseases or weeds
Prevention
Practical strategies can be combined and optimized for an IPM program.
Prevention
The goal is to prevent pest populations from building up to economically damaging levels
Prevention
Growing crops in locations where they are best suited to climate, soil, and topography provides them with optimal conditions from the start. Appropriate land preparation builds on these conditions
Crop Location (Prevention)
Choosing beneficial crop varieties, such as those with disease and pest resistance, has always been a cornerstone of IPM
Variety Selection (Prevention)
These varieties can be derived from traditional cross-breeding or modern biotechnology: pest-resistant and herbicide-tolerant varieties
Variety Selection (Prevention)
Biotech crops can also facilitate reduced or no-till practices, helping to maintain soil health and prevent erosion.
Variety Selection (Prevention)
can also facilitate reduced or no-till practices, helping to maintain soil health and prevent erosion.
Biotech crops
Planting similar crops alongside each other can substantially increase pests and should be avoided if possible.
Strategic Planting and crop rotation
Some farmers sow different crops in alternate rows or undersow a crop like maize with a legume such as cowpea to help improve soil fertility and reduce weeds. Such system can help reduce pests
Strategic Planting and crop rotation
Growing different crops in rotation also helps reduce the build-up of pests, especially those in the soil such as root-feeding insects and fungi.
Strategic Planting and crop rotation
Rotations can reduce weed problems and increase the range of weed control methods that can be used
Strategic Planting and crop rotation
can reduce weed problems and increase the range of weed control methods that can be used
Rotations
Mechanical, physical and cultural crop protection methods prevent or minimize pests as well as reduce their build-up and carryover from one crop to another.
Soil Management (Prevention)
Traditional ploughing (tillage) turns the soil and buries crop residue and weeds before the seed bed is prepared for the next crop. However, the tillage has led to increased erosion as well as loss of soil moisture and organic material
Soil Management (Prevention)
Supplying water to crops is essential to plant health but if can greatly influence pest incidence and impact.
Water Management (Prevention)
Irrigation may be required, especially in dry areas or with crops that requires a lot of moisture.
Water Management (prevention)
May be required, especially in dry areas or with crops that requires a lot of moisture.
Irrigation
While some flood irrigating some crops, such as lowland rice, can control weeds, it is wasteful of water and can adversely affect beneficial soil organisms
Water Management (Prevention)
Methods to combat these risks and conserve water include, drip irrigation or growing crops on ridges or raised beds
Water Management (Prevention)
Different soil types contain varying amounts of nutrients. At harvest, nutrients are removed with a crop from the soil.
Optimizing plant nutrition (prevention)
In order to maintain or improve soil fertility, these nutrients have to be replaced with mineral and/or organic fertilizers
Optimizing plant nutrition (prevention)
These products must be applied at the right time in the correct amounts to optimize soil health. New plant varieties with more efficient uptake of nutrients should be considered
Optimizing plant nutrition (prevention)
Carryover of weed seeds and disease-causing organisms can be reduced with good harvesting, seed cleaning and storage methods
Harvesting and storage (prevention)
Protecting natural habitats near farmland is the best way to conserve biodiversity, including many natural pest enemies. Careful management of farmland edges, including trees and hedges, is important for wildlife habitats, providing cover and refuge for beneficial insects and animals
Preserving biodiversity (prevention)
Observing crops determines if, when and what action should be taken to maximize crop production and quality.
Monitoring
Decision-making tools range from to computers and trained local experts to remotes-sensing technologies.
Monitoring
Getting real-time information on what is happening in the field is ideal.
Monitoring
Reducing economically damaging pests to acceptable levels may involve cultural, physical, biological and chemical control measures individually or in combination
Intervention
Costs, benefits, timing, labor force and equipment as well as economic, environmental and social impacts all have to be taken into consideration
Intervention
These techniques, such as weed control by tractor cultivation or disease Control by removing infected yields as well as their requirements for labor and energy.
Cultural and physical methods (intervention)
The possibility of integrating cultural techniques with the careful use of crop protection products should be explored.
Cultural and physical methods
Example instead of replacing manual weeding entirely with herbicides, hoieng may be used in conjunction with them
cultural and physical methods
Research on nature's own methods of pest control is yielding new products and methods that can be used in IPM programs. Mamy of these require similar technical expertise as crop protection products in relation to formulation, field application and resistance management.
Biological Control (intervention)
These controls include introducing beneficial insects or predators; applying micro-organisms such as viruses, fungi, and bacteria; and using pheromones to lure, trap and kill or interfere with insects' mating habits.
Biological control ( intervention)
Using beneficial insects to control pests works best when crops are grown in controlled environments like greenhouses and plastic tunnels.
Biological control ( intervention)
Using this to control pests works best when crops are grown in controlled environment like greenhouse and plastic tunnels
Beneficial insects
There are cases when control techniques with living organisms are successful in open field conditions, such as using predatory mites against spider mites
Biological control (intervention)
this products are usually only efficient at low pest intensities and other interventions are often required.
Biological control
Bacteria, fungi, nematodes or viruses have also been mass produced to control some pests.
Biological control (intervention)
also been mass produced to control some pests.
Bacteria, fungi, nematodes or viruses
The most common and successful is ___ a naturally occuring bacterium
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
The most common and successful is
a naturally occuring bacterium, which has been used to control several important pests
Biological control
With modern biotechnology, crops like corn and cotton can now express the insect toxin produced by this natural control agent, delivering it more effectively.
Biological Control
Biotechnology also has considerable potential to contribute to IPM. One focus of research has been on mass production of micro-organisms that cause disease in insect pests and weeds or compete with plant disease-causing orgnisms.
Biological Control
Are biologically active chemicals tht control a range of insect and vertebrate pests, diseases and weeds.
Chemical crop protection products (pesticides)
They are often the most cost-effective way of controlling infestations as part of an IPM strategy.
Chemical Control
Before released in the market, they are thoroughly tested for their safety, usefulness and effectiveness.
Crop protection product (Chemical Control)
when sold, they are labeled with explicit use instructions.
Crop protection products (Chemical control)
scope of pest management
Use of multiple tactics (resistant varieties, natural enemies, and pesticides) in compatible manner
Pest population maintained below levels that cause economic damage.
Conservation of environmental Quality
Goals of pest Management
Optimum crop productivity in order to protect the environment; consider economics of production
Ecological environmental soundness
social acceptability (low pesticide residue levels hazards to health. )
Pest Management Principle
Know your enemies ( pests)
Know the battlefield (agroecosystem)
Know the crop (requirements, vulnerable stages)
can never be eliminated, only managed at economically acceptable level.
Pests and Diseases (Pest Management Principle)
Provide the crop with all possible advantage (optimum level)
Continuous pest management is basic to efficient production
Biology, ecology, and epidemiology of pests/diseases are basic to the development of sound Pest Management strategies.
Pest Management Principle
is the over all plan to eliminate or alleviate a real or perceived pest problem.
Management Strategies
Type of Management strategies
Do nothing strategy
Reduced pest population numbers
Reduced crop susceptibility to pest injury
Combined reduced population numbers with reduced crop susceptibility
When pest densities are below ETL. Money spent on management < gain from production. Only surveillance of the resulting pest population is required
Do nothing strategy
Most Widely used strategy in IPM
Reduced-number strategy
Preventive manner when population resch ETL. Natural enemies, insecticides, ecological modification, insect growth regulators, released of sterile insects. To reduce the GEP- General Equilibrium Position or pests long term arrange density
Reduced - number strategy
Most effective and environmentally strategy
Involve elements of host plant resistance or crop environment manipulation
Tolerance ability to repair injury
Reduced Crop Susceptibility Strategy
The use of multiple strategies and tactics is the basic principle in developing insect pest management programs
donot rely on single strategy
if one strategy fails, other are present to help moderate losses
combine strategies
Components of an IPM program
Initial information gathering
monitoring
establishing injury levels
record-keeping.
least-toxic treatments
evaluation
Know your pest (identification, scientific names, biology)
Know the historyof pest occurrence and pest management of the area
record of on going activities
Initial Information Gathering
Observe the plants, or site for potential pest problems at regular intervals
Monitoring
Determine when the pest problem is likely to become serious enough to require some action
Establishing injury levels
Keep records of what is seen, decision made, actions taken, and results. "Records are the memory of the system" (When personnel leave their experience is lost if there are no records)
Record keeping
Select pest management approaches and specific methods.
Treatments should be confine in time and place (spot treatment to minimize ecosystem disruptions)
Least-Toxic Treatments