CHAPTER 3: VISUAL PERCEPTION PART 1
Which term refers to the SET of PROCESSES by which we RECOGNIZE, ORGANIZE, and MAKE SENSE of the SENSATIONS we RECEIVE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI?
Perception
Which term refers to the actual object in the environment that must be the SAME AS the PERCEPTUAL EXPERIENCE?
Distal object
Which term refers to a PART of NORMAL PERCEPTION that REPRESENTS ERRORS in PERCEPTION, but at least has a BASIS USING the OBJECT ITSELF?
Illusion
In the modality of TOUCH, what is considered the INFORMATIONAL MEDIUM?
Mechanical pressure and vibration at the point of contact
Which of the following is the PROXIMAL STIMULATION in the OLFACTION (SMELL) modality?
Molecular absorption in the cells of the olfactory epithelium
It has the ABILITY to DILATE and CONSTRICT this ability is called "PUPILLARY REFLEXES"
Pupil
PUPILLARY REFLEXES are CONTROLLED by which part of the brain?
Brainstem
What does the RETINA contain to CONVERT LIGHT ENERGY INTO ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY?
Photoreceptors
What are the TWO TYPES of PHOTORECEPTORS?
Rods and cones
How many RODS are PRESENT in each EYE?
120 million
How many CONES are PRESENT in each EYE?
8 million
What substance in rods and cones REACT to LIGHT and TRANSFORM physical electromagnetic energy into an ELECTROCHEMICAL NEURAL IMPULSE that can be understood by the brain?
Photo pigments
What are RODS responsible for?
Night vision and sensitivity to light and dark stimuli
What type of photoreceptor provides HIGH RESOLUTION and is ACTIVE DURING the DAYTIME?
Cones
Which photoreceptor is more ACTIVE at NIGHT and ONLY allows us to SEE in SHADES OF GREY?
Rods
Which colors are MORE IDENTIFIABLE by RODS?
Green and blue
Through which cells do NEUROCHEMICAL MESSAGES from the RODS and CONES "TRAVEL" to the ganglion cells?
Bipolar cells
Which cells do BIPOLAR CELLS SEND SIGNALS TO?
Ganglion cells
What do the OPTIC NERVES of the TWO EYES "FORM" at the base of the brain?
Optic chiasma
Where do 90% of the GANGLION CELLS SEND INFORMATION AFTER the OPTIC CHIASMA?
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Which area of the brain RECEIVES INFORMATION FROM the THALAMUS regarding "VISUAL STIMULI?"
Primary visual cortex (V1)
What is a "DISTAL" (FAR) OBJECT?
The object in the external world.
What is an INFORMATIONAL MEDIUM?
Sound waves, reflected light, chemical molecules, or tactile information.
What is "PROXIMAL" (NEAR) STIMULATION?
Example: When light from an object enters the eye, the retinal cells absorb the light waves
The cells in your retina absorbing the light waves.
When does PERCEPTION OCCUR?
When a perceptual object is created that reflects the properties of the external world.
What parts of the eye REFRACT LIGHT and FOCUS the IMAGE on the RETINA?
The pupil and the cornea.
What is the FUNCTION of the "IRIS"?
To control the amount of light entering the eye.
HOW does the "IRIS"CONTROL the LIGHT that ENTERS THE EYE?
By adjusting the size of the pupil.
What ABSORBS LIGHT in the RETINA?
The photoreceptor cells.
What is the CENTRAL PART of the RETINA where the SHARPEST VISION is ACHIEVABLE?
The fovea.
What structure is CONNECTED to the CILIARY MUSCLES?
Lenses
What do CILIARY MUSCLES do?
Bend or relax the lenses
What is the term for the PROCESS of CHANGING the CURVATURE of the LENSES?
Accommodation
What term refers to the CLARITY or CLEARNESS OF OUR EYES (LENSES)?
Visual acuity
What is ANOTHER NAME for the CORNEA?
Glassy cornea
What PART OF THE EYE does the CORNEA COVER?
Iris
What is PRESBYOPIA?
Age-related farsightedness.
__________ affects many adults over the age of 40. that results in progressively WORSENING ABILITY TO FOCUS CLEARLY on CLOSE OBJECTS. The lens becomes less flexible
Presbyopia
What is the condition of FAR-SIGHTEDNESS also known as?
Hyperopia or long-sightedness
A condition of the eye where DISTANT OBJECTS are SEEN CLEARLY but NEAR OBJECTS APPEAR BLURRED.
Hyperopia
What CAUSES the BLUR IN FAR-SIGHTEDNESS (HYPEROPIA)
Light focused behind the retina
What does ASTIGMATISM result in?
Distorted or blurred vision at any distance
This condition OFTEN OCCURS at BIRTH and CAN CHANGE or DEVELOP LATER IN LIFE. symptoms can include EYESTRAIN, HEADACHES, and TROUBLE DRIVING AT NIGHT.
Astigmatism
What condition is CAUSED by UNEVEN CURVATURE OF THE LENSES?
Astigmatism
What part of the EYE CORRESPONDS to the BLIND SPOT, where the optic nerve leaves the eye?
Optic disk
Where is VISION MOST ACUTE?
Fovea
What PERCEPTION DEFICITS indicate the EXISTENCE OF DIFFERENT PATHWAYS?
Ataxia and agnosia
What are the "TWO FASCICULI" (FIBER BUNDLES) in the VISUAL PATHWAYS?
Dorsal and ventral
Where does INFORMATION COME THROUGH THE EYES AND GO TO in the BRAIN?
Thalamus
What AREA PROCESSES the INFORMATION just a LITTLE BIT BEFORE FULLY UNDERSTANDING it?
Occipital lobe
Which pathway "ASCENDS TOWARD" the PARIETAL LOBE?
Dorsal pathway
Which PATHWAY DESCENDS to the TEMPORAL LOBE?
Ventral pathway
Which pathway is responsible for PROCESSING the COLOR, SHAPE, and IDENTITY OF VISUAL STIMULI?
Ventral pathway
What is the DORSAL PATHWAY also CALLED?
Where pathway
How pathway
What is the FUNCTION of the DORSAL PATHWAY?
Responsible for processing location and motion information
What is the VENTRAL PATHWAY CALLED?
What pathway
If a MONKEY has BRAIN DAMAGE in the VENTRAL AREA, what problem would they likely have?
Problem with identifying objects
If a MONKEY has DIFFICULTY UNDERSTANDING WHERE THINGS are in SPACE, which pathway is likely affected?
Dorsal where action pathway
Where can the WHAT PATHWAY be FOUND?
Ventral stream
Where is the HOW PATHWAY LOCATED?
Dorsal stream
What does the HOW PATHWAY CONTROL?
Movements in relation to the objects identified through the what pathway
What are the TWO IMPORTANT DIMENSIONS of the OCCIPITAL LOBE?
Primary visual cortex and association area
What does the PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX PROCESS?
Raw information
What does the ASSOCIATION AREA do?
Associates objects based on your knowledge
What does the "BOTTOM-UP THEORY STATE" about PERCEPTION?
Perception starts with stimuli or the raw sensory data that comes in through our eyes
What DRIVES the BOTTOM-UP THEORY?
The stimuli we receive
Which EXAMPLE illustrates the BOTTOM-UP THEORY?
If you are unfamiliar with a food, you taste it to gain knowledge based on your experience
What does DIRECT PERCEPTION mean?
The brain directly gets information from the world without using thoughts or memories
According to GIBSON, what do we USE as "CUES for DEPTH and DISTANCE"?
Texture gradients
What is GIBSON'S THEORY also KNOWN as?
Ecological model
What does GIBSON'S THEORY FOCUS on?
How we perceive the world or environment around us
What does the ECOLOGICAL MODEL APPLY TO, besides initial perceptions?
Forming concepts and understandings about the world
According to the WHAT-HOW HYPOTHESIS, what DIFFERS between the two pathways (DORSAL AND VENTRAL)?
Whether the emphasis is on identifying what an object is or on how we can situate ourselves to grasp it
What happens during SENSORY ADAPTATION?
Receptor cells cease to fire until there is a change in stimulation
What does “GANZFELD” mean in German?
Complete field
What does "GANZFELD" REFER to?
An unstructured visual field
What is a "PERCEPT"?
A mental representation of a stimulus that is perceived
What is an ILLUSION?
A false impression of an object or event from real stimuli
What are TEMPLATE THEORIES associated with?
Pattern recognition
In TEMPLATE THEORIES, what DOES the BRAIN STORE?
Detailed models of patterns (templates)
What do we do in TEMPLATE THEORIES when WE SEE SOMETHING?
We compare it to our stored templates to recognize it
What does the FEATURE-MATCHING THEORY suggest?
Matching small pieces of the pattern to similar pieces stored in memory
What does the term "PANDEMONIUM" in the PANDEMONIUM MODEL refer to?
A very noisy, chaotic place and hell
How many DEMONS are there in the PANDEMONIUM MODEL?
Four demons: Image Demons, Feature Demons, Cognitive Demons, and Decision Demon
What is the role of IMAGE DEMONS in the Pandemonium Model?
Receive a retinal image and pass it on to feature demons
In the Pandemonium Model, the function of this is DETECT BASIC VISUAL FEATURES like LINES and CURVES
Feature Demons
What do COGNITIVE DEMONS respond to?
Combinations of features to identify specific letters or shapes
What does the DECISION DEMON do in the Pandemonium Model?
Selects the most active cognitive demon, representing the model's final recognition output
Which demon in the Pandemonium Model is RESPONSIBLE for FINAL RECOGNITION OUTPUT?
Decision Demon
What does the GLOBAL AND LOCAL PRECEDENCE EFFECT focus on?
How individuals process visual stimuli that contain both local details and global configurations
What are the THREE LAYERS of RETINA?
Ganglion, Bipolar, and Photoreceptors cells
What HELPS us PERCEIVE 3-D OBJECTS according to the Recognition-by-Components Theory?
Simple geometric shapes
Who SUGGESTED that 3-D GEOMETRIC SHAPES HELP us RECOGNIZE OBJECTS?
Irving Biederman
What are the 3-D GEOMETRIC SHAPES called in Recognition-by-Components Theory?
Geons (geometrical ions)
What does TOP-DOWN processing refer to?
Perception influenced by prior knowledge and expectations
How does the BRAIN USE SENSORY INFORMATION in TOP-DOWN processing?
By using it to build an understanding of the surroundings
is a condition in which an IMAGE of a DISTANT object becomes FOCUSED BEHIND the retina, making objects up CLOSE APPEAR OUT of focus.
Hyperopia
is a condition in which, an IMAGE of a DISTANT object becomes FOCUSED in FRONT of the RETINA, making DISTANT objects appear OUT of focus.
Myopia
is a LOSS of MUSCLE CONTROLin their arms and legs. This may lead to a LACK of BALANCE and coordination and trouble walking.
Ataxia
a RARE DISORDER whereby a patient is UNABLE to RECOGNIZE and IDENTIFY OBJECTS, PERSONS, Or SOUNDS using one or more of their senses despite otherwise normally functioning senses
Agnosia