skeletal system
The ______ is the bony framework of the head. It is comprised of the 8 cranial and 14 facial bones.
skull
The bones of the skull are made up of external and internal tables of compact bone separated by a layer of spongy bone called ______.
diploe
The _______ makeup the protective frame of bone around the brain.
Cranial Bones
what are The 8 cranial bones?
- frontal bone
- parietal bones 2
- temporal bones 2
- occipital bone
- sphenoid bone
- ethmoid bone
The ______ forms part of the cranial cavity as well as the forehead, the brow ridges and the nasal cavity.
frontal bone
The left and right ________ form much of the superior and lateral portions of the cranium.
parietal bones
The left and right _________ form the lateral walls of the cranium as well as housing the external ear.
temporal bones
The _______ forms the posterior and inferior portions of the cranium. Many neck muscles attach here as this is the point of articulation with the neck.
occipital bone
The ________ forms part of the eye orbit and helps to form the floor of the cranium.
sphenoid bone
The _______4 forms the medial portions of the orbits and the roof of the nasal cavity.
ethmoid bone
The joints between bones of the skull are immovable and called _______.
sutures
what are the 4 suture of skull
- sagittal suture
- coronal suture
- lambdoidal suture
- squamous suture
The parietal bones are joined by the ________.
sagittal suture
Where the parietal bones meet the frontal is referred to as the ______.
coronal suture
The parietals and the occipital meet at the _______.
lambdoidal suture
The _________ is a cranial suture that connects the temporal and parietal bones
squamous suture
The _________ makeup the upper and lower jaw and other facial structures.
Facial Bones
what are The 14 facial bones?
- mandible
- maxilla 2
- palatine 2
- zygomatic 2
- nasal 2
- lacrimal 2
- vomer
- turbinate (inferior nasal conchae) 2
The ______ is the lower jawbone. It articulates with the temporal bones at the temporomandibular joints. This forms the only freely moveable joint in the head. It provides the chewing motion.
mandible
The left and right _______ are the upper jaw bones. They form part of the nose, orbits, and roof of the mouth.
maxilla
The left and right ______ form a portion of the nasal cavity and the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth.
palatine
The left and right ________ are the cheek bones. They form portions of the orbits as well.
zygomatic
The left and right _____ form the superior portion of the bridge of the nose.
nasal
The left and right ______ help to form the orbits.
lacrimal
The _____ forms part of the nasal septum (the divider between the nostrils).
vomer
The left and right inferior _____ forms the lateral walls of the nose and increase the surface area of the nasal cavity.
turbinate
The ______ is large compared to the infants total body length
fetal skull
The soft spot on babys head. These are composed of fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones of the newborns
Fontanelles
what are the different fontanelles
1. anterior fontanelle (largest)
2. posteriir fontanelle
3. sphenoidal fontanelle
4. mastoid fontanelle
-The _____ are air-filled extensions of the nasal cavity
FUNCTION
- lighten the skull
- give resonance and application to voice
paranasal sinuses
There are four paired sinuses – Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity:
-Maxillary sinus
-Frontal sinuses
-Sphenoidal sinuses
-Ethmoidal sinuses
Functions of paranasal sinuses
- Lighten the skull
- Give resonance and amplification to voice
-small U-shape; lies in front of the neck between the mandible & thyroid cartilage
-The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
-Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
HYOID BONE
transmit sound waves or vibrations to the inner ear and help amplify sound.
AUDITORY OSSICLES
small bones found in the middle ear
a. Stapes (stirrup)
b. Incus (anvil)
c. Malleus (hammer)
- The ______ is formed by the sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, and 12 thoracic vertebrae.
- Forms a cage to protect major organs of the chest
bony thorax
The Bony Thorax Made-up of three parts
- sternum
- 12 pairs of ribs
- 12 thoracic vertebrae.
The _______ is a flat, dagger shaped bone located in the middle of the chest. Along with the ribs, the sternum forms the rib cage that protects the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from damage.
sternum
The sternum is composed of three parts:
- manubrium
- body
- xiphoid process
The _______, also called the "handle", is located at the top of the sternum and moves slightly. It is connected to the first two ribs.
manubrium
The ______, also called the "blade" or the "gladiolus", is located in the middle of the sternum and connects the third to seventh ribs directly and the eighth through tenth ribs indirectly.
body
The ________, also called the "tip", is located on the bottom of the sternum. It is often cartilaginous (cartilage), but does become bony in later years.
xiphoid process
The ____ are thin, flat, curved bones that form a protective cage around the organs in the upper body. They are comprised 24 bones arranged in 12 pairs.
ribs
there are three categories of ribs:
1. true ribs ( 7 pairs of bone)
2. false ribs ( 3 pairs of bone)
3. floating ribs (2 sets of bone)
The first seven bones are called the _______.These bones are connected to the spine (the backbone) in back. In the front, the ______ are connected directly to the breastbone or sternum by a strips of cartilage called the 𝙘𝙤𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙡 𝙘𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙡𝙖𝙜𝙚
true ribs
The next three pairs of bones are called ______. These bones are slightly shorter than the true ribs and are connected to the spine in back. However, instead of being attached directly to the sternum in front, the ______ are attached to the lowest true rib.
false ribs
The last two sets of rib bones are called _______. Floating ribs are smaller than both the true ribs and the false ribs. They are attached to the spine at the back, but are not connected to anything in the front.
floating ribs
The vertebral column (also called the__________)
backbone, spine, or spinal column
vertebral colum consists of a series of __________, called ______.
- 33 irregularly shaped bones
- vertebrae
These 33 bones are divided into five categories depending on where they are located in the backbone.
1. cervical vertebrae (7)
2. thoracic vertebrae (12)
3. lumbar vertebrae (5)
4. sacrum (5)
5. coccyx (3-5)
The first seven vertebrae are called the _________. Located at the top of the spinal column, these bones form a flexible framework for the neck and support the head.
cervical vertebrae
The first cervical vertebrae is called the _____ and the second is called the ___.
- atlas
- axis
The atlas' shape allows the head to ______ and the axis' shape allows the head to ______.
- nod "yes"
- shake "no"
The next twelve vertebrae are called the _______. These bones move with the ribs to form the rear anchor of the rib cage. __________ are larger than cervical vertebrae and increase in size from top to bottom.
thoracic vertebrae
After the thoracic vertebrae, come the _______. These five bones are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column. These vertebrae support most of the body's weight and are attached to many of the back muscles.
lumbar vertebrae
The ______ is a triangular bone located just below the lumbar vertebrae. It consists of four or five sacral vertebrae in a child, which become fused into a single bone in adult. The _____ forms the back wall of the pelvic girdle and moves with it.
sacrum
The bottom of the spinal column is called the ______. It consists of 3-5 bones that are fused together in an adult. Many muscles connect to the ______.
coccyx or tailbone
The ________, is technically only the region between the shoulder and elbow.
arm, or brachium
It consists of a single long bone called the ______. it is the longest bone in the upper extremity. The top, or head, is large, smooth, and rounded and fits into the scapula in the shoulder.
humerus
On the bottom of the humerus, are two depressions where the humerus connects to the _____ of the forearm.
ulna and radius
The ______ is connected on the side away from the body (lateral side) of the forearm.
Radius
the ______ is connected on the side towards the body (medial side) when standing in the anatomical position. Together, the humerus and the ulna make up the elbow. The bottom of the humerus protects the ulnar nerve and is commonly known as the "funny bone" because striking the elbow on a hard surface stimulates the ulnar nerve and produces a tingling sensation.
Ulna
The hand consists of three parts _________ and 27 bones.
(the wrist, palm, and five fingers)
The wrist, or carpus, consists of 8 small bones called the ______ that are tightly bound by ligaments.
carpal bones
-These bone are arranged in two rows of four bones each. The top row (the row closest to the forearm) from the lateral (thumb) side to the medial side contains the __________.
-The second row from lateral to medial contains the _________. The scaphoid and lunate connect to the bottom of the radius.
- scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform bones
- trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
The palm or metacarpus consists of _______, one aligned with each of the fingers. The metacarpal bones are not named but are numbered I to V starting with the thumb. The bases of the metacarpal bones are connected to the wrist bones and the heads are connected to the bones of the fingers. The heads of the metacarpals form the knuckles of a clenched fist.
five metacarpal bones
The fingers are made up of 14 bones called _____.
phalanges
A single finger bone is called a _____.
phalanx
The phalanges are arranged in three rows. The first row (the closest to the metacarpals) is called the ______, the second row is the middle row, and the farthest row is called the _______. Each finger has a proximal phalanx, a middle phalanx, and a distal phalanx, except the thumb (also called the pollex) which does not have a middle phalanx. The digits are also numbered I to V starting from the
- proximal row
- distal row
The lower extremity is composed of the bones of the ______.
thigh, leg, foot, and the patella (commonly known as the kneecap).
The thigh is the region between the hip and the knee and is composed of a single bone called the _____. it is the longest, largest, and strongest bone in the body.
femur or thighbone
The leg is technically only the region from the knee to the ankle. It is formed by the ______ on side away from the body (lateral side) and the ______, also called the shin bone, on the side nearest the body (medial side).
-fibula
- tibia
The foot, or pes, contains the ____ bones of the ankle, instep, and the __ phalanges. The ankle, or tarsus, is composed of the ___ tarsal bones which correspond to the carpals in the wrist.
- 26 bones
- 14
- 7
the seven bone of tarsal
1. calcaneus or heel bone
2. talus
3. navicular
4. medial cuneiform
5. intermediate cuneiform
6. lateral cuneiform
7. cuboid bone
- The________ is a large, triangular sesamoid bone between the femur and the tibia. It is formed in response to the strain in the tendon that forms the knee.
- it protects the knee joint and strengthens the tendon that forms the knee.
patella or kneecap
A little bone embedded in a joint capsule or tendon. The kneecap (patella) is a _______.
sesamoid bone
The Shoulder Girdle, also called the ______, is composed of four bones: two clavicles and two scapulae .
Pectoral Girdle
The _______, commonly called the collarbone, is a slender S-shaped bone that connects the upper arm to the trunk of the body and holds the shoulder joint away from the body to allow for greater freedom of movement. One end of the clavicle is connected to the sternum and one end is connected to the scapula.
clavicle
The _____ is a large, triangular, flat bone on the back side of the rib cage commonly called the shoulder blade. It overlays the second through seventh rib and serves as an attachment for several muscles. It has a shallow depression called the glenoid cavity that the head of the humerus (upper arm bone) fits into.
scapula
The ______, also called the hip girdle, is composed to two coxal (hip) bones. The coxal bones are also called the ossa coxae or innominate bones.
Pelvic Girdle
-During childhood, each coxal bone consists of three separate parts:
- In the back, these two bones meet on either side of the _____. In the front, they are connected by a muscle called the _______.
1. ilium
2. ischium
3. pubis.
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4. sacrum
5. pubic symphysis