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BIO 2102 Repro

Male hormone

Testosterone

Testosterone

Produced in the intersitial cells of testes

Female hormone

Estradiol

Estradiol

Produced in the ovaries

Roles of sex hormones

Development of reproductive tract, Maturation during puberty, Regulation of gametogenesis in adults

Puberty

GnRH released from hypothalmus, GnRH stimulates LHand FSH to stimulate t or e

Menstrual Cycle

2 phases ~ 28 days

Mentrual Cycle process

Shedding of uterine lining (day 0), Follicular phase (day 0-14), Luteal phase (day 14-28)

Fertility

peak is 14 days after menstruation, egg viable for 24hrs, sperm viable for ~5 days,

Hormone control

Write this one out

Fertilization

If fert. occurs, corpus lutem does not degenerate, Implanted embryo produces human chronic gonadtrophin, HCG prevents the degeneration

Functional Corpus luteum

Produces progesterone

Contraceptives

The pill, Mifpristone, Plan B, IUD

The pill

contains estradiol and progestin

Mifepristone

Block progesterone, menstruation occurs after implantation, Available by prescription

Plan B

Very high dose with progesterone, blocks ovulation, doesnt terminate pregnancy

IUD

Copper IUD (inhibits sperm activity), Progesterone IUD (blocks ovulation)

Repro structures

XY, XO, ZW, Haplodiploidy, Environmental

XY

F = xx/M = xy, most mammal, some insect, humans

XO

F = xx/M = x, nematoda some insect

ZW

F = zw/M = zz, Birds, butterfly, some insect

Haplodiploidy

F = fert. egg/M = unfert., bees, ants, wasps

Environmental

Temp determines sex, turtles, some fish

SRY Gene in mammals

On Y chrom, encodes for teste production, evolved after marsupial/eutharians split from monotremes

Start of gonad development?

Begins with germ cell migration

Germ cell migration

Start @ tail end, Cells move through the gut, germ cells @ genital ridge form either m/f

Somatic Gonad

Cells and tissue that support germ cell

Indifference

Not yet committed to a specific type of gonad

Bipotential

Tissues present for both future ovaries and testes on switch to make an ovary

WNTH/DAX1

Genes on the X chrom.

If no Y

WNTH/DAX1 stay active

Intersex (DSD)

prescence of male and female traits in the same individuals, 0.5-1.7% humans

Turner Syndrome (XO) (DSD)

Only one x chrom., can initiate but not maintain ovarian development

Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) (DSD)

Reduced testosterone production and low sperm production

46 (XX) Testicular DSD

Masculinization glands due to loss of function genes in Wnt pathway or misexpression of SRY/SOX

46 (XY) Ovarian DSD

Feminization of gonads due to loss of function gene in SRY/SOX9

Androgen Insensivity Disorder

Individuals who are 46 XY testes but cannot respond to testosterone and develop female external physical characteristics

What is used for support in mammal erections?

Either tissue, or a baculum (penis bone)

Internal Components of Testes

Testes, Epididymus, Vas Deferens, Ejaculatory duct, Urethra, Seminal Fluid Vesicle, Prostate Gland, Bulbourethral Gland

Testes Function

Sperm Production

Epididymus Function

Storage

Vas Deferes Function

Muscular contraction for transportation

Ejaculatory Duct Function

Short bridge for passage

Urethra Function

Exit tunnel for sperm and urine

Seminal Fluid Vesicle Function

Contains fructose for energy and Prostagladin for uterine contraction

Prostate Gland

Citric Acid for nutrients

Bulbourethral Gland

Alkaline mucus to lubricate and nuetralize uterine acids

Female External Repro.

Labia major, labia minor, vaginal opening, clitoris

Female Internal Anatomy

Ovaries, Oviduct, Uterus, Vagina, Cervix

Ovaries Function

Egg production

Oviduct Function

Transport/Fertilizaiton

Uterus Function

Development of embryo

Cervix Function

Beginning passage of birth

Vagina Function

End passage of birth and beginning for sperm deposition

Spermatogenisis

Primary Speratocyte undergoes meiosis 1 to create secondary spermatocyte -> Secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis 2 to create spermatids -> spermatids mature into sperm

Draw a mature sperm and label the...

Acrosome, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Centriole, Plasma membrane, Mitochondria, Flagella

Nucleus (sperm)

Haploid contains DNA

Centriole (sperm)

Base for flagellum, passed onto zygote

Plasma Membrane (sperm)

Fuses with the egg

Vacuole (sperm)

Unknown

Mitochondria (sperm)

Provides energy for motility

Flagellum (sperm)

Provides motility

Oogenisis

Prim oocyte -> (polar body) and secondary oocyte -> (polar body) and ootid matures into ovum

Polar body

Very very small haploid in oogenisis

Ovum Structural Components (Echinoderm)

Jelly layer, Vittelin envelope, Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, yolk granules, Corticle granules, Nucleus

Jelly Layer (echinoderms)

Barrier against foriegn sperm

Vittelin Envelope (echinoderms)

Has receptor protiens (contributes to fertilization)

Plasma membrane (echinoderms)

Fuses with sperm

Cytoplasm (echinoderms/mammalia)

Containts derminants

Yolk granules (echinoderms/mammalia)

Nutrients

Corticle Granules (echinoderms/mammalia)

release enzyme + ions

Nucleus (echinoderms/Mammalia)

haploid contains DNA

Ovum Structural Components (Mammalia)

Zona Pellucida, Polar body, cytoplasm, Nucleus, Yolk granules, corticle granules

Zona Pellucida (Mammalia)

Has receptor protiens and contributes to fertilization

Corona Radiata (mammalia)

Made up of hundreds of gransula cells that sperm must digest through

Draw the Ovum structure of mammalia and Echinoderms

Do it bitch

Fusing of nuclei

Acrosomal rxn occurs on sperm -> enzymes expelled from acrosome -> Actin polymerized into microfillaments -> Protiens in sperm and egg bind together -> Plasma membrane fuses -> Nuclei fuse

Draw the Fusing of Nuclei process

...

Gonadtrophin

Stimulates LH/FSH in men to create testosterone and in estradiol in women to menstruate and ovulate

Early Clevage Patterns

Rapid cell division w/out cell growth->Resulting cells are blastomeres->Clevage creates pattern (radial or spiral)-> end result is blastula (hollow ball)

Spiral Clevage

Offset, can see all 8 blastomeres, Protostomes

Radial Clevage

Stacked cannot see all 8 blastomeres, Dueterostomes

Animal Pole

Ectoderm

Vegetal Pole

Endoderm

Between

Mesoderm

Ectoderm

skin, nervous system, and sense organs

Endoderm

digestive tube, buds from this tube form the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Mesoderm

skeleton, muscle, heart and bones

Draw Blastula

...

What happens during Gastrulation

Major body axis are established

Neurolation

Notochord forms from mesoderm->Nueral tube (dorsal hollow nerve chord) forms from ectoderm->Notochord signals to nueral tube to fold->Nueral tube becomes cranium->notochord goes away

Adaptation

heritable trait that increases survival and reproduction in certain environments in response to natural selection

Acclimatization

Reversible physiological changes within an individual in response to environmental changes

Are adaptaions always optimal?

NO

Homeostasis

Genetically encoded adaptation

Thermoregulation

Endotherm/ectotherm

Endotherm

Internal factors to regulate body temperature

Ectotherm

External factors to regulate body temperature

Homeostasis is a ____ feedback response

Negative feedback

Negative feedback

Gone too far into one direction now it needs to be undone

Homeostasis is NOT homeostatic..

Our circadian clocks reveal cyclic alterations to metabolism

Who goes through somatogenesis/Neurolation

vertebrates

Set point in homeostasis

Balanced value (think body temp 98 in humans)

Stimulus homeostasis

Change in environment

Sensor Homeostasis

Detect Fluctuations

Integrator homeostasis

Processes information from the sensors and sends signals or commands to effectors

Effector Homeostasis

Takes actions to restore the environment to a steady state.

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