BIO 2102 Repro
Male hormone
Testosterone
Testosterone
Produced in the intersitial cells of testes
Female hormone
Estradiol
Estradiol
Produced in the ovaries
Roles of sex hormones
Development of reproductive tract, Maturation during puberty, Regulation of gametogenesis in adults
Puberty
GnRH released from hypothalmus, GnRH stimulates LHand FSH to stimulate t or e
Menstrual Cycle
2 phases ~ 28 days
Mentrual Cycle process
Shedding of uterine lining (day 0), Follicular phase (day 0-14), Luteal phase (day 14-28)
Fertility
peak is 14 days after menstruation, egg viable for 24hrs, sperm viable for ~5 days,
Hormone control
Write this one out
Fertilization
If fert. occurs, corpus lutem does not degenerate, Implanted embryo produces human chronic gonadtrophin, HCG prevents the degeneration
Functional Corpus luteum
Produces progesterone
Contraceptives
The pill, Mifpristone, Plan B, IUD
The pill
contains estradiol and progestin
Mifepristone
Block progesterone, menstruation occurs after implantation, Available by prescription
Plan B
Very high dose with progesterone, blocks ovulation, doesnt terminate pregnancy
IUD
Copper IUD (inhibits sperm activity), Progesterone IUD (blocks ovulation)
Repro structures
XY, XO, ZW, Haplodiploidy, Environmental
XY
F = xx/M = xy, most mammal, some insect, humans
XO
F = xx/M = x, nematoda some insect
ZW
F = zw/M = zz, Birds, butterfly, some insect
Haplodiploidy
F = fert. egg/M = unfert., bees, ants, wasps
Environmental
Temp determines sex, turtles, some fish
SRY Gene in mammals
On Y chrom, encodes for teste production, evolved after marsupial/eutharians split from monotremes
Start of gonad development?
Begins with germ cell migration
Germ cell migration
Start @ tail end, Cells move through the gut, germ cells @ genital ridge form either m/f
Somatic Gonad
Cells and tissue that support germ cell
Indifference
Not yet committed to a specific type of gonad
Bipotential
Tissues present for both future ovaries and testes on switch to make an ovary
WNTH/DAX1
Genes on the X chrom.
If no Y
WNTH/DAX1 stay active
Intersex (DSD)
prescence of male and female traits in the same individuals, 0.5-1.7% humans
Turner Syndrome (XO) (DSD)
Only one x chrom., can initiate but not maintain ovarian development
Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) (DSD)
Reduced testosterone production and low sperm production
46 (XX) Testicular DSD
Masculinization glands due to loss of function genes in Wnt pathway or misexpression of SRY/SOX
46 (XY) Ovarian DSD
Feminization of gonads due to loss of function gene in SRY/SOX9
Androgen Insensivity Disorder
Individuals who are 46 XY testes but cannot respond to testosterone and develop female external physical characteristics
What is used for support in mammal erections?
Either tissue, or a baculum (penis bone)
Internal Components of Testes
Testes, Epididymus, Vas Deferens, Ejaculatory duct, Urethra, Seminal Fluid Vesicle, Prostate Gland, Bulbourethral Gland
Testes Function
Sperm Production
Epididymus Function
Storage
Vas Deferes Function
Muscular contraction for transportation
Ejaculatory Duct Function
Short bridge for passage
Urethra Function
Exit tunnel for sperm and urine
Seminal Fluid Vesicle Function
Contains fructose for energy and Prostagladin for uterine contraction
Prostate Gland
Citric Acid for nutrients
Bulbourethral Gland
Alkaline mucus to lubricate and nuetralize uterine acids
Female External Repro.
Labia major, labia minor, vaginal opening, clitoris
Female Internal Anatomy
Ovaries, Oviduct, Uterus, Vagina, Cervix
Ovaries Function
Egg production
Oviduct Function
Transport/Fertilizaiton
Uterus Function
Development of embryo
Cervix Function
Beginning passage of birth
Vagina Function
End passage of birth and beginning for sperm deposition
Spermatogenisis
Primary Speratocyte undergoes meiosis 1 to create secondary spermatocyte -> Secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis 2 to create spermatids -> spermatids mature into sperm
Draw a mature sperm and label the...
Acrosome, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Centriole, Plasma membrane, Mitochondria, Flagella
Nucleus (sperm)
Haploid contains DNA
Centriole (sperm)
Base for flagellum, passed onto zygote
Plasma Membrane (sperm)
Fuses with the egg
Vacuole (sperm)
Unknown
Mitochondria (sperm)
Provides energy for motility
Flagellum (sperm)
Provides motility
Oogenisis
Prim oocyte -> (polar body) and secondary oocyte -> (polar body) and ootid matures into ovum
Polar body
Very very small haploid in oogenisis
Ovum Structural Components (Echinoderm)
Jelly layer, Vittelin envelope, Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, yolk granules, Corticle granules, Nucleus
Jelly Layer (echinoderms)
Barrier against foriegn sperm
Vittelin Envelope (echinoderms)
Has receptor protiens (contributes to fertilization)
Plasma membrane (echinoderms)
Fuses with sperm
Cytoplasm (echinoderms/mammalia)
Containts derminants
Yolk granules (echinoderms/mammalia)
Nutrients
Corticle Granules (echinoderms/mammalia)
release enzyme + ions
Nucleus (echinoderms/Mammalia)
haploid contains DNA
Ovum Structural Components (Mammalia)
Zona Pellucida, Polar body, cytoplasm, Nucleus, Yolk granules, corticle granules
Zona Pellucida (Mammalia)
Has receptor protiens and contributes to fertilization
Corona Radiata (mammalia)
Made up of hundreds of gransula cells that sperm must digest through
Draw the Ovum structure of mammalia and Echinoderms
Do it bitch
Fusing of nuclei
Acrosomal rxn occurs on sperm -> enzymes expelled from acrosome -> Actin polymerized into microfillaments -> Protiens in sperm and egg bind together -> Plasma membrane fuses -> Nuclei fuse
Draw the Fusing of Nuclei process
...
Gonadtrophin
Stimulates LH/FSH in men to create testosterone and in estradiol in women to menstruate and ovulate
Early Clevage Patterns
Rapid cell division w/out cell growth->Resulting cells are blastomeres->Clevage creates pattern (radial or spiral)-> end result is blastula (hollow ball)
Spiral Clevage
Offset, can see all 8 blastomeres, Protostomes
Radial Clevage
Stacked cannot see all 8 blastomeres, Dueterostomes
Animal Pole
Ectoderm
Vegetal Pole
Endoderm
Between
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
skin, nervous system, and sense organs
Endoderm
digestive tube, buds from this tube form the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Mesoderm
skeleton, muscle, heart and bones
Draw Blastula
...
What happens during Gastrulation
Major body axis are established
Neurolation
Notochord forms from mesoderm->Nueral tube (dorsal hollow nerve chord) forms from ectoderm->Notochord signals to nueral tube to fold->Nueral tube becomes cranium->notochord goes away
Adaptation
heritable trait that increases survival and reproduction in certain environments in response to natural selection
Acclimatization
Reversible physiological changes within an individual in response to environmental changes
Are adaptaions always optimal?
NO
Homeostasis
Genetically encoded adaptation
Thermoregulation
Endotherm/ectotherm
Endotherm
Internal factors to regulate body temperature
Ectotherm
External factors to regulate body temperature
Homeostasis is a ____ feedback response
Negative feedback
Negative feedback
Gone too far into one direction now it needs to be undone
Homeostasis is NOT homeostatic..
Our circadian clocks reveal cyclic alterations to metabolism
Who goes through somatogenesis/Neurolation
vertebrates
Set point in homeostasis
Balanced value (think body temp 98 in humans)
Stimulus homeostasis
Change in environment
Sensor Homeostasis
Detect Fluctuations
Integrator homeostasis
Processes information from the sensors and sends signals or commands to effectors
Effector Homeostasis
Takes actions to restore the environment to a steady state.