Prof.prac
Who does infection prevention and control protect?
-patients
-clients
-health workers
-residents
-visitors
What does HAI stand for ?
Hospital acquired infections
What are nosocomial infections?
Hospital acquired infections
- the result of a secondary issuse during the patients stay, not from the reason they came in for.
A susceptible person for an infection ?
An immunocompromised person
A source for germs to originate from ?
people or environmental
(Direct contact) transmission of infections?
-droplet
-skin to skin
(Indirect contact) transmission of infections?
-airborne
-spray/splashes
-ingestion
-sharps injury
Examples of infections trasnmitted from ingestion
Failure of washing hands when:
-preparing food
-eating/drinking/smoking
= to contaminated food/water
Formites?
inanimate object that acts as a vehicle for transmission of infection
Examples of formites
-pens/pencils
-phones
-computer keys
-door handles
-counter tops
-x-ray lead markers
Methods of protection from infections?
PPE gear:
-gloves
-gowns
-surgical masks
-facial protection
What area in the negative pressure room is used for cleaning portable x-ray machines?
The transitional area
what is a negative pressure room ?
Room for individuals with airborne infections to use for isolation
-the pressure inside the room is lower than outside the room
-doors and windows are kept shut
-filtered air will flow in, no air will flow out
What is a positive pressure room?
A room with a higher pressure inside the room than outside the room for immunocompromised individuals
-air will not circulate back in
-pathogens anfd contiminates will be filtered out
MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus)
-antibiotic resistant infection
-type of bacteria found on skin
-PPE gear is required
Norovirus
-uncontrolled projectile vomitting
-sudden onset
-from soiled hands or aerosols
Ways to break the chain of germs travelling ?
-PPE gear
-hand hygiene
-proper sterilizing/clenaing rooms/medical equipment
-vaccinations
-staying home when sick
-prescribing antibiotics only when necessary
If water is not available to wash hands?
use alcohol based hand sanitizer, with at least 60% alcohol and then wash hands with warm water and soap as soon as possible.
Effective hand washing steps
-Wet
-Lather
-Scrub
-Rinse
-Dry
5 moments of hand hygiene?
1. before touching a patient
2. before a procedure
3. after the procedure
4. after touching a patient
5. after touching a patients surroundings
What does Tikanga Māori mean ?
Māori customary practices or behaviours
karakia purposes?
-used for a positive start to the day
-protection
-prayer/ well wishing
Tapu
The being of a person having their dignity respected
Noa
free from tapu/unrestricted - (opposite of tapu)
How does inconsistency of tikanga Maori values effect patients negatively?
It can distress patients and cause them to lose trust in healthcare providers
-negatively effecting their cultural and emotional well-being
Pono
Integrity
Tika
What is right- righteousness
Aroha
having compassion and regard for your personal well-being
Guidelines to work to :
kia tika = to be right and just
kia pono = to be genuine and honest
kia marama = to be understanding
(Best practice) definition
- recommended practice based on evidence
(Tikanga) definition
-correct way of doing things, customs, traditional practices, "way of doing things", protocols
(policy) definition
Plan of action intended to influence, in this case, health care delivery
What evidence is our Tikanag Maori policy based on?
-complaints from consumers
-research - unequal and inappropriate care to maori
-government stratergy
-health discipline governing bodies
Why is it important to incorperate Tikanga Maori ?
providing holistic care to maori in a respectful and collaborative way will provide opportunities for health professionals to have a positive impact on the health of individuals, their whanau, thier communities, hapu and iwi
Two types of positive contrast media
-Iodinated
-Barium sulphate based
Higher density than the organ itself CM
Positive contrast
Barium Sulphate
-is only ingested orally or anally
-highly unlikely to cause any form of reaction as it is inserted
-only used for the gastrointestinal tract - if injected it cannot be absorbed by the body or excreted naturally
What part of the body is barium sulphate used for ?
only the gastrointestinal tract
-but not if the GI tract has perforated
What CM is more likely to cause an allergic reaction ?
Iodinated CM
Contraindictation of iodinated CM?
-kidney disease especially if in renal faliure
-known CM reaction
-known allergy to fish and shellfish
-know hypersensitivity to medication
-asthma
-heart disease
-dehydration
Barium sulphate side effects (NOT REACTIONS)
-stomach pain
-constipation
Iodinated media side effects (NOT REACTIONS)
-metallic taste in mouth
-sensation of having passed urine (warm feeling in upper legs)
-mild headache
-if injected in the joint, patients can feel that their joints are 'heavy' or full
Aftercare for CM
drinking lots of water helps to dilute the CM out of the blood and remove it out of the bowel, and reduce the chance of constipation.
8 Rights of CM and medication preparation:
-right medication
-right patient
-right dose
-right time
-right route
-right reason
-right prescriber
-right documentation
What to check when handling medication or CM?
-expiry date
-correct dose
-correct volume
-ensure that you are maintaining sterility of the item (using correct opening techniques)
What to take note of when undertaking fluoroscopy procedures ?
-all contrast and medication should be logged
-administration and volume
-expiry date
-product code
ethics vs morals
-ethics are a code of behaviour that are communally mutual in society
-morals are behviours and values that are more personal
Autonomy
the right of self-determination independence and freedom
Non-maleficence
-refraining from doing harm
-minimising harm where it is part of treatment or procedures
Beneficence
doing good in order to benefit others
-that there should be a positive outcome to be gained in well being/ health
Justice
implies fairness and equality, regardless of personal traits or circumstances
4 principles of biomedical ethics
-autonomy
-non-maleficence
-beneficence
-justice
Utilitarianism
concerned with consequences of actions
potential ethical issues
-euthanasia
-drawing life support
-organ transplantation
-allocation of resources
-screening programmes
Shannon-weavers model of communication
linear form of communication
-sender to reciever
How can linear communication be applied in radiology ?
-radioloogy refferal forms
-e-mails
-patient notes
-admission forms
-radiology reports
Osgood-schramm
Circular model
-direct communication between 1, 2 or more people
-encoding and decoding
How can transactional communication be applied in radiology ?
-greeting a patient/ staff member
-obtaining informed consent
-completing handover with another staff member
-students working with qualified MIT's
what is the difference between primary secondary and tertiary health care?
Primary care is when you consult with your primary care provider. Secondary care is when you see a specialist such as an oncologist or endocrinologist. Tertiary care refers to specialized care in a hospital setting such as dialysis or heart surgery.
Difference between privacy and confidentiality
-privacy is a right to freedom from intrusion
-confidentiality is a ethical duty for organizations that collect data to protect the data and information