PR SHIT
deals with numerical values and how they can describe a phenomenon or infer relationship
It is go to approach for scientific inquiry because of its ability to test hypothesis
The basis of formulating and testing hypothesis are variables
Quantitative research
are the ones that are usually identified, examined, described, or correlated to answer a scientific inquiry.
Variables
is the variable that is manipulated, especially in experiments.
Independent variable
depends on the independent variable
Dependent variable
Characteristics of quantitative Research
Controllability
Generalizability
Objectivity
Replicability
quantitative research should be in an environment where all variables are identified and can be controlled.
Controllability
is from larger samples sizes that the results are based on as a representative of the population
Generalizability
the result of the data are observable and measurable using structured instruments
Objectivity
the research study should be replicable by other researchers
Replicability
Strengths in quantitative research
Analysis of data is assisted with statistical method
Large scale research can be undertaken
Data can be presented in graphical, and tabular form
Weakness of quantitative research
A large sample size requires a lot of time
Statistical analysis of data requires of an expert
Quantifying and reducing observation to numerical value makes it too simplistic
Types of quantitative research
True- experimental
Non- experimental
is to identify a cause and effect relationship between variables where the samples are randomize
True experimental
mirrors experimental research but it is not true experimental research where a casual relationship can be determined.
Quasi- experimental
a non-experimental research design focuses on the description of factors, variables or phenomenon that occur in nature.
Descriptive research
its primary objective is to compare two variables in order to identify whether there exists causative relationship.
Comparative research
its primary objective is to compare two variables then identify its relation.
Involves identifying relationship between two variables
Correlational research
correlational research is used to look at patterns and associations of human behavior
Psychology
correlational research may also be used to determine what affects, on is afflicted by the certain economic variables.
Economics
Correlational research may be also used to study whether in association exists between different political variables
Political science
defined as a “means for testing objectives themes by examining the relationship among variables.
Quantitative research
looks at cause and effect.
Is often used in studying the natural sciences, biology, chemistry, physics, etc.
Casual research
casual research is applied in the conduct of chemical experiments to see whether a change in the quantity of one substance affects the other substance.
Chemistry
refers to the claim that change in one variable creates a change in another variable.
Causation
is a correlational type of quantitative research. This design makes use of questionnaire.
Survey research
is aimed at causation with the use of the cause-and-effect logic.
Experimental research
Main components of Survey research
Survey design
Population &, sample
Survey instrument
Data analysis
Survey design may be
Cross sectional or longitude
acquires information at one point in time
Cross sectional survey
acquires information at multiple points in time.
Longitudinal survey
is a general group of people with similar characteristics.
Population
is a subgroup of the population that is chosen, either purposely or randomly.
Sample
also called the questionnaire.
It contains closed-ended questions with fixed answers
Survey instrument
Provides a general report of the results of the survey
Descriptive analysis
makes comparison among the survey results to establish and explain relationships
Inferential analysis
Main components of experimental research
Respondents
Variables
Stags of the experimental procedure
Instrumentation and materials
Experimental Procedures
Data analysis and interpretation
in experimental research are selected and differentiated into groups.
Respondents
receives the experiment treatment or intervention
Experimental group
does not receive intervention, it is still a part of the experimental research to assess similarities or differences with the results
Control group
is the treatment variable. It causes and explains effect.
Also called casual variable
May also be manipulated to examine the specific effect may have toward the dependent variable.
Independent variable
is the outcome variable. It is the effect. It is the response to the application of or changes in the independent variable.
Known as outcome variable.
Dependent variable
Stages of the Experimental procedure
Pretest
Actual intervention
Posttest
are also known as intervening since they intervene between the independent and dependent.
May act as independent and dependent variable at the same time
Mediating variables
are variables that have a strong conditioned effect, which may modify the relationship between dependent and independent variables.
Should act as a dependent variable with respect to independent variable.
-must not be directly affected by the independent variable and should not result to it any way.
Moderating variable
are variables that should be mainly excluded from the research study as they may interfere and compromise with the experiment and research results.
Extraneous variable