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Week 3

Body System composed of the skin, hair, oil, sweat glands , nails, sensory receptors

integumentary system

Functions of skin - TRPSAD

Sensation, body temperature, protects the body, blood reservoir, excretion & absorption, synthesizes vitamin D

Largest organ of the body

skin - 7% of total weight

sweat & blood flow to dermis

Themoregulation

Oval shaped vibration receptor in dermis/subcutaneous tissue, consisting of layers of connective tissue around dendrites of a sensory neuron

Lamellar corpuscles

Ecrine sweat gland

Thermal regulation

Apocrine sweat gland

Sexual arousal areas associated with hair

One of two main parts of the skin: thinner, superficial, made of epithelial tissue, avascular. Keratinized stratified epithelium

Epidermis

One of two main parts of skin: deeper, thicker, connective tissue, vascular, containing collagen & elastic fibers, stretching & tone of the skin

Dermis

Tissue type deep in dermis consisting of areolar & adipose tissue, fibers from dermis anchor skin to this tissue that attaches to fascia. Serves as storage for fat, passage for blood vessels to supply blood for skin, region for nerve endings

Hypodermic (subcutaneous)

True or false: All 4 tissue types are in this organ system

True

Tissue type in the hair, nails, epidermis

Epithelial tissue

Dermis contains _________ tissue

connective

Tissue type found attached to hair follicles, and in substance of arteries & veins

Muscle tissue

________ tissue provides an abundance of sensation

Nervous

Keratinized stratified epithelium

Epidermis

4 principal cells in epidermis

dendritic, keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile epithelial

Most numerous cells (85%), produce keratin

keratinocytes

Pigment producing cells, transfer melanin, protects nucleus & keratinocytes to shield DNA from UV

Melanocytes

Cells arising from red bone marrow & migrate to epidermis, participate in immune responses & defend against invading microbes

Dendritic cells

Cells that are least numerous , detects touch sensations , makes contact with nerve cells

Tactile Epithelial

Stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, stratum corneum

Thin skin

Stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, stratum corner

Thick skin

Deepest layer of epidermis with a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes, continuous mitosis leads to new cells & produces other layers, melanin is produced here

Stratum basale

Superficial to stratum basale with 8 - 10 layers of keratinocytes

Stratum spinosum

Middle layer, non-dividing, 3-5 layers of keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis. Prescense of keratohyalin (immediate form of keratin)

Stratum granulosum

Present only in thick skin (palms, soles, plantar surfaces) superficial to stratum granulosum. Contains dead keratinocytes with large amounts of keratin providing toughness.

Stratum lucidum

Most superficial layer, 25 to 30 layers of flattened keratinocytes. Constant friction stimulates cell & keratin production resulting in callus

Stratum Corner/ corneum

Region of dermis just below epidermis, contains areolar tissue with elastic/collagen fibers, dermal papillae (capillary loops), tactile corpuscles & free nerve endings

Papillary dermis

Region of dermis attached to subcutaneous layer, contains connective tissue with thick collagen elastic fibers, fibroblasts, adipose cells (fat), sebaceous & sudoriferous glands (sweat)

Reticular dermis

Benefits of epidermis

Resists damage & offers protection to underlying tissues

Benefits of dermis

Provides temperature stability & prevents dehydration, enhances healing

Benefits of hyperdermis

Insulates, stores fat, anchors skin to deeper layers of the body

Also known as subcutaneous layer, attaches to underlying tissues & organs, contains lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles that detects external pressure applied to the skin

Hypodermis

Accessory structures of the skin

Hair, glands, nails

Surrounds base of hair follicle, onion shaped structure that houses a nipple shaped indentation, papilla of the hair with areolar connective tissue & blood vessels & hair matrix (epidermal stem cells of stratum basale)

Hair bulb

The smooth muscle of the hair extending from the papillary dermis of the skin to the dermal root sheath around base of hair follicle

Arrector muscle

Oil glands, simple, branched & rounded, connected to hair follicles opening into neck of hair follicle. secretes sebum preventing dehydration of hair/skin & growth of bacteria, inflammation causes acne, present on face, neck, chest

Sebaceous glands

Sweat glands, Secretes sweat or perspiration into hair follicles or pores in the skin; includes eccrine & apocrine

Sudoriferous glands

Modified sweat glands in the external ears; secretes waxy lubricating substance. Lies deep to sebaceous glands in hypodermic opening directly into ear canal. Ear wax is combined secretion of sebaceous & _______ glands (cerumen)

Ceruminous glands

Occurs following superficial wounds affecting only epidermis (abrasion or first degree burn). Repaired by enlargement & migration of basale cells and division of migrating & stationary basale cells to replace the ones moved into the wound.

Epidermal wound healing

Occurs following injury that penetrates dermis, repair process is more complex & permanent scar formation can occur

Deep wound healing

First phase of deep wound dealing: blood clot unites the wound edges, epithelial cells migrate across the wound, blood vessels deliver phagocytes & fibroblasts form

Inflammatory phase

Second phase of deep wound healing, blood clot becomes a scab, epithelial cells beneath scab, fibroblasts produce scar tissue, damaged blood vessels begin to grow, tissue fills the wound (granulation tissue)

Migratory phase

Third phase of deep wound healing ; events of the migratory phase intensifies, growth of epithelial cells, fibroblasts, collagen, new blood vessels

Proliferative phase

The last phase of deep wound healing: the scab sloughs off once epidermis is restored to normal thickness, collagen fibers become organized, fibroblasts disapear, blood vessels restored to normal

Maturation phase

Warning signs of malignant melanoma: ABCDE

Asymmetry, boarder is regular, color is uneven, diameter over 6mm , evolving in size

Scar formation retained within the boundaries of original wound is called a _____ scar

Hypertrophic

Scar formation extends beyond boundaries of original wound is called a _____ scar

Keloid scar

How Skin Contributes to Homeostasis

Temperature regulation, protection, sensation, water balance, immune defense, vitamin D synthesis, excretion

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