biology 🧫🧬
respiratory
expthermic chemical reaction that cells use to release energy from breaking down glucose
adaptations of alveoli
-large sa
-thin- short diffusion distance
-good blood supply- maintain concentration gradient
alveoli
the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing ou
ventricles
lower chambers of the heart
atriums
top chambers of the heart
pulminary artery
takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs to become oxygenated
aorta
carries blood from the heart to the circulatory system
pulminary vein
carry oxygen-rich blood from your lungs to your heart
vena cava
collect deoxygenated blood from your whole body and bring it back to your heart for new oxygen
valves
prevent the backflow of blood
pacemaker cells
control the heartbeat - send electrical impulses to the heart to trigger contractions
artificial pace makers
electrical devices that correct an irregular heart beat
artery
-thick walls- the blood is running through at a higher pressure
-small lumen
vein
-thin walls -blood is running through at a lower pressure
-large lumen because of the lower pressure
-valve
calillaries
-tiny lumen- blood cells moving in single file
-1 cell thick
blood is made up of
-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-plasma
-platelets
red blood cells
-carry oxygen to our cells
-make up 50 percent of out blood
red blood cells have no nucleus to..
hold more haemoglobin
haemoglobin is
a red pigment in the blood that binds oxygen to the red blood cell and releases it
structure of red blood cells
-small so they can fit through tiny vessels like capillaries
-a bioconcave disk to produce a large sa
white blood cells
<1% of blood
-contain antitoxins- neutralise any toxins
-contain antibodies (bind onto pathogens and help destroy them)
-contain phagocytes
phagocytosis
engulfs pathogens
platelets
-clot your blood if you get a wound
-float about in the blood
-small fragments of cells
plasma
-makes the blood waterey so it can flow
-carries everythubg (glucose, amino acids, hormones, proteins and waste products such as co2 and urea)
conorary heart disease
the build up of fat in a blood vessel (called a plaque). over time, the lump hardens due to the flood flow around it and it cracks like a wound, causing the platelets to patch up the cracks and block the vessel up completely
risks
-smoking
-high fat diet
Statins
drugs that remove the amount of blood cholesterols, slowing down the formation of fatty deposits in arteries
-no surgerey and easy to take
-have to take for life
-non invasive
stent
a mesh tube that keeps arteries open where fatty deposits may of formed
-last years
-have to have surgerey
-rarely fat can form over the stent
-only prevents blockages in 1 area
digitalis
a drug made from foxgloves that treats a rapid heart rate by slowing it down
mechanical valves
mechanical valves - made from synthetic materials
•heard wearing and last longer
biological valves
donated from people
aerobic respiration
release of energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen
anaerobic respiration
release of energy from glucose in the abscence of oxygen
respiration
expthermic chemical reaction that cells use to release energy from breaking down glucose
the energy transferred durung respiration is needed for:
synthesis of bew materials
active transport
movement (in animals)
keeping warm (in humans)
respirometer
measures the rate if respiration of a particular organism
respirometer function
as the insects use the oxygen in the test tube, the droplet moved along the tube and the change in volume can be measured. the insect uses up oxygen and produces co2. this co2 is absorbef by the soda lime
respiration happens
during intense exercise
transfers less energy than anaerobic respiration because the oxidation of glucose is incomplete
results in oxygen debt caused by the build up if lactic acid
in plants and yeast
anaerobic respiration produces Co2 and ethanol
in microorganisms such as yeast and fungi
the process of anaerobic respiration is fermentation