UCSP
Differences among humans
Human Variation
Environment & History – Shape the behavior of human groups
Human Variation
Is the identity that is tied to being part of a nation or country and inhabiting a particular territory controlled by a government.
It can be acquired by being born in that country or through Naturalization
Nationality
refers to a group of people who have a common or shared culture, language, history, religion, and tradition.
Ethnicity
Those of composite of attitudes and behavior of men and women (Masculinity & Femininity)
It refers to the roles, behaviors, activities, attributes, and opportunities that any society considers appropriate for girls and boys, women and men.
Refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women.
Gender
Refers to the biological characteristics of humans such as male or female.
Sex
Types of Gender
Heterosexual, Homosexual, Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Asexual, Pansexual, Transexual, Polysexual, Transgender
attracted to a person of the opposite sex
Heterosexual
person attracted to a person of the same sex.
Homosexual
Male attracted to another male
Gay
Female attracted to another female.
Lesbian
attracted to both sexes
Bisexual
incapable of being attracted to any sex
Asexual
Accommodate all types of gender
Pansexual
medical sexual reassignment
Transexual
A person who is attracted to multiple types of gender identities.
Polysexual
gender identities do not match their biological identity as a male or female.
Transgender
The concept of socioeconomic class varies between societies as the ideas associated with being poor or rich differ based on the collective experiences of individuals. As such, Filipinos who are from Global South (developing countries) would perceive poverty differently from Singaporeans who are from the Global North (developed countries or industrialized nations).
Socioeconomic class
refers to the political and economically advanced societies in the world
Global North
refers to the countries whose political and economic indicators are within the developing category
Global South
Range of income
Poor, Low income but poor, Lower middle income , Middle income, Upper middle income, Upper income but not rich, Rich
Sociologist define social class as a group of people with similar socioeconomic status or standing within the society based on the level of income, education, and occupation.
Social class
refers to the activities, actions, and policies used to gain and hold power in a government or to influence the government.
Politics
as a social category refers to the set of attitudes and practices that an individual adheres to in relation to the political systems and actors within his or her society.
Political identity
refers to a family in which multiple members are involved in politics, especially electoral politics. These members can be related by blood or marriage, and involvement can span several generations or include multiple siblings.
Political dynasty
The belief in the supernatural has been one of the universal preoccupations of humans as early as 60000 years ago. The earliest forms or religion revolved around making sense of natural occurrences such as extreme weather conditions, natural and man-made calamities, sickness, and even death.
Religion
Human study, “Anthropo” & “Logos”
Is the study of people throughout the world, their evolutionary history, how they behave, adapt to different environments, communicate and socialize with one another
Anthropology
They interpret the content of a particular culture, explain variation among cultures, and study cultural change
Sociocultural anthropology
They study a variety of aspects of human evolutionary biology (Fossils)
Biological
They study the material remains of present and past cultural systems to understand the technical, social, and political organizations of those systems and the larger culture evolutionary process that stands behind them.
Archaeology
is the scientific study of relations, social institutions and societies.
illuminates how these systems manage power, resolve conflicts, and preserve cultural heritage.
Sociology
It is the study of politics and power from domestic, international, and comparative perspectives.
Political science
a group of people sharing a common culture
Society
defined as that complex which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws and norms.
Culture
Belief that one’s own culture are superior than others
Ethnocentrism
The developed brain necessary in facilitating pertinent skills such as speaking, touching, feeling, seeing and smelling.
Thinking capacity
the Primary biological component of humans that allowed culture
Brain
function for cognition
Frontal lobe & Motor cortex
higher level thinking process, personality and behavior
Frontal lobe
Controlling Voluntary Movements
Motor cortex
It allows for touch and taste abilities
Parietal lobe & Motor cortex
it allows for visual skills
Occipital lobe
it allows hearing.
Temporal lobe
longer vocal tract provides a larger surface for vibrations, enabling humans to create a greater variety of sounds.
Speaking capacity
Gripping capacities
Power grip, Precision grip
wrap our thumbs and fingers
Power grip
Pick up things with our fingers.
Precision grip
Walking / Standing Capacity
Bipedalism, Quatro pedalism
Walk in two feet
Bipedalism
Using all limbs
Quatro pedalism
Human Origins
The oldowan industry, The acheulian industry, Mousterian industry, Auriginacian industry, Magdalenian industry, Paleolithic period, Neolithic period
Percussion flaking technique is used in stone tool making where a rock or stone is struck with a hammerstone to remove flakes from the surface, used by Homo habilis
The oldowan industry
They use the same process of percussion flaking, Homo erectus created hand axes that were bifacial, shaped on both sides and with straighter and sharper edges.
The acheulian industry
developed by homoneaderthalensis (Neanderthals)
Who lived in Europe and west sia between 300,000 to 30,000 years
Named after Le Moustier (1860); France
Mousterian industry
derived from Aurignac, an area in france
Used flint, animal bones, and antlers
Auriginacian industry
Specialized in weapons; barbed harpoons
Magdalenian industry
The old stone age, use of simple stone tools
Paleolithic period
beginning of agriculture, permanent settlement, more advance stone crafts , the new stone age.
Neolithic period
It is often defined as the lifelong process of experiencing, learning, imbibing, and transmitting culture
It is the process that shapes an individual’s membership in his/her society enabling him/her to learn and eventually or expectedly mirror the prevailing norms and values
Enculturation
learning or adapting to another culture.
Acculturation
Refers to a society’s defined set of what is good and desirable, which form the foundation of how life should be lived.
defined as “Standards or ideals with which we evaluate actions, people, things, or situations.”
Values
the positive, the inherent worth or importance.
Intrinsic
also known as instrumental, the functional purpose for use.
Extrinsic
3 kinds of values
Personal values, Moral values, Aesthetic values
defined as “Standards or ideals with which we evaluate actions, people, things, or situations.”
Personal values
Are those “that help determine what is morally right or wrong” e.g., freedom, fairness, equality…” Such values are undoubtedly linked with one’s social engagements as citizen, member of an organization and the like.
Moral Values
Are associated with the evaluation of artwork or beauty
Aesthetic values
refer to rule and expectation that guide the individual’s behavior in his/her society.
Norms
Customary norms
Folkways
Moral norms
Mores
from the Tongan word “tabu” or “tapu” which means forbidden
Taboos
encourages positive attitude
Prescriptive
Encourages negative attitude
Proscriptive
Is simply understood as one’s social position in any given society.
Status
when the social position is received at birth.
Ascribed
if it is voluntarily gained through personal perseverance.
Achieved
Agents of Socialization
the family, the state, the education system, peer group, and mass media.
Refer to entities or institutions that play a role in influencing or shaping the process of enculturation
Agent of socialization