bio 30 blood unit
what do you make antibodies for?
you make antibodies for antigens you dont have.
how do you find compatibility for donating blood?
finding compatibility: determine recipients antibodies and donor blood type.
what is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
gram positive bacteria has purple dye stuck to peptidoglycen in cell wall. gram negative bacteria don’t have it, they have LPS in cell wall.
what do toll like receptors in white blood cells do?
TLR in white blood cells attracts things to destroy.
what do all viruses have?
viruses all have rna
How much blood do you need to get information?
5ml/one teaspoon
What does blood contain?
different types of cells performing many different functions
Why does blood contain many dissolved substances?
for transport
How much blood does a human have, and how much do they recieve when needed?
5-6 liters / 90-350mL recieved when blood is required
Major function of blood?
immunity
What 3 things does blood carry?
1. carries oxygen
2. carries the glucose for energy
3. carries off the waste products (urea- nh3, co2, nh4, very toxic)
what defense against infection is in blood?
contains body’s defense against infection (WBCs)
what do WBCs help repair?
blood vessels
Why does blood maintain all chemicals?
maintains all the chemicals for muscles and nerves to function. ex) insulin and glucagon in liver and pancreas
What does blood provide for organs?
provides the communication and coordination for all organs to work together (endocrine system- hormones), provides info on the health and functioning organs
What 3 complex functions help maintain homeostasis?
1. transport- o2, co2, food, waste, hormones
2. protection- blood clotting, defense against disease
3. regulation- hormones, heat distribution
What are the two parts of blood?
1. plasma- (55%), the fluid part
2. regular components- (45%), solid parts (floaters)
Why is blood considered a tissue?
blood is considered to be a tissue because of the presence of these different cells.
Blood plasma characteristics
yellowish
thick fluid
90% water
10% dissolved materials including proteins, dissolved foods, enzymes, vitamins, hormones, antibodies, waste products, inorganic salts, and gases
What are the four types of blood proteins?
1. albumin- made in liver and important in maintaining blood pressure
2. globulins- used in body’s defense against disease
3. fibrinogen- necessary for blood clotting
4. prothrombin- necessary for blood clotting
3 Cellular components of blood?
erythrocytes (RBC)
leukocytes (WBC)
platelets
Minimum age and weight for blood donations?
blood donor age range: 17-23 first time
minimum weight- 110lbs, 50kg
Minimum days between blood donations?
minimum days between donations- 56 male, 84 female
How long to wait for blood donating after dental work and piercings/tattoos?
recent dental work- anywhere from 1 day to 12 months
body piercing or tattoo- 3 months after
What is leukoreduction?
leukoreduction- removes wbcs, often done during transfusions
What is plasmapheresis?
removal, treatment, return or exchange of blood plasma, done when treating blood disorders
What is plateletpheresis?
seperate and collect platelets, done to treat serious complications from bleeding.
Unrelated Bone Marrow Donor Registry?
organization that does blood stem cell transplants
Why to get a blood transfusion?
serious injuries, surgery, disease, bleeding disorder
Why to get a blood plasma transfusion?
liver failure, severe infections, serious burns
Why to get a blood platelet transfusion?
low platelet counts, bleeding or at high risk of bleeding
What is HIV?
human immunodeficiency virus is an infection that attacks the body’s immune system, get tested before donating
A+ Blood antigens, antbodies, donors, recipients
antigens present- a, rh
antibodies present- anti b
possible donors- a+, a-, o+, o-
possible recipients- a+, ab+
A- Blood antigens, antibodies, donors, recipients
antigens present- a
antibodies present- anti b
possible donors- a-, o-
possible recipients- a+, a-, ab+, ab-
B+ Blood antigens, antibodies, donors, recipients
antigens present- b, rh
antibodies present- anti a
possible donors- b+, b-, o+, o-
possible recipients- b+, ab+
B- Blood antigens, antibodies, donors, recipients
antigens present- b
antibodies present- anti a
possible donors- b-, o-
possible recipients- b+, b-, ab+, ab-
AB+ Blood antigens, antibodies, donors, recipients
antigens present- a, b, rh
antibodies present- neither
possible donors- everyone
possible recipients- ab+
AB- Blood antigens, antibodies, donors, recipients
antigens present- a, b
antibodies present- neither
possible donors- a-, b-, ab-, o-
possible recipients- ab+, ab-
O+ Blood antigens, antibodies, donors, recipients
antigens present- neither, rh
antibodies present- anti a, anti b
possible donors- o+, o-
possible recipients- o+, a+, b+, ab+
O- Blood antigens, antibodies, donors, recipients
antigens present- neither
antibodies present- anti a, anti b
possible donors- o-
possible recipients- everyone
What is the blood donating rule, and why?
negative can donate to positive, but positive cannot donate to negative, because negative doesnt have the rh antigen, so it wont trigger an immune response in an Rh-positive recipient.
However, if Rh-positive blood is given to an Rh-negative person, their immune system will recognize the Rh antigen as foreign and attack it.
What is an antigen?
protein that atrracts antibodies, in cell membran
What is an antibody?
tag onto things for destruction, have to match molecularly, identify and neutralize threats
What is the RH factor?
a protein that determines positive and negative.
What % of body weight does blood make up
8%
How can cellular components be seperated from plasma in a blood sample
by centrifugation, cells settle as a dense red pellet below the transparent, straw-coloured plasma.
How does blood help with thermoregulation?
Through the distribution of heat.
Why is the ratio of different blood cells important?
Because changes in their morphology, type, or proportion can indicate a disorder or infection.
water role in blood
main constituent of blood and lymph, transports dissolved substances and helps thermoregulation and regulation of blood pressure and volume.
mineral ions role in blood
Na, Mg, K, Ca, Cl, etc. maintain osmotic balance, pH, regulation of membrane permeability, Ca is involved in clotting
plasma proteins % of plasma volume
7-9%
serum albumin role (plasma protein)
osmotic balance and pH, Ca transport
fibrinogen and prothrombin role (plasma protein)
blood clotting
immunoglobulins role (plasma protein)
antibodies involved in immune response
a-globulins role (plasma protein)
bind and transport hormones, lipids, vitamins
b-globulins role (plasma protein)
bind and transport iron, chlolesterol, vitamins
enzymes role (plasma protein)
take part in and regulate metabolic activities
importance of substances transported by non-cellular components
occur at varying levels in the blood, transported to cells dissolved in plasma or bound to plasma proteins
erythrocytes/rbcs
5-6mil per mm3 of blood, 38-48% of blood volume. transport o2 and co2. o2 carried is bound to hemoglobin in cells. each Hb molecule can bind four molecules of o2.
platelets
small, membrane bound cell fragments derived from bone marrow cells, 1/4 size of RBCs, 0.25mil / mm3 blood. start the blood clotting process
leukocytes/wbcs
5-10000 / mm3 blood, 2-3% blood volume. involeved in internal defense
lymphocytes (wbc)
t and b cells. 24%. antibody production and cell mediated immunity
neutrophils (wbc)
phagocytes. 70%. engulf foreign material
eosinophils (wbc)
1.5%. mediate allergic reactions
basophils (wbc)
0.5%. produce heparin and histamine, involved in clotting and inflammation