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Week 8 - Chapter 15: The ANS

How does the somatic nervous system differ from the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in terms of control?

The somatic nervous system is under conscious control, while the ANS usually operates without conscious control.

What types of sensory input does the somatic nervous system receive?

From somatic senses and special senses

How do motor pathways differ between the somatic nervous system and the ANS?

Somatic motor neurons directly synapse with effectors, while ANS motor pathways involve two neurons: a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron.

What are the two major divisions of the ANS?

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Division of the ANS which usually excites

Sympathetic

The division of the ANS which usually inhibits

Parasympathetic

Somatic nervous system effectors are:

Skeletal muscles

ANS effectors include:

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

What is a preganglionic neuron?

A preganglionic neuron is the first neuron in an autonomic motor pathway that synapses with a postganglionic neuron in an autonomic ganglion.

Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons located?

In the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

Where are the cell bodies of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons located?

In certain cranial nerve nuclei and sacral spinal cord.

What are the two major groups of autonomic ganglia?

Sympathetic ganglia (sympathetic trunk and prevertebral ganglia) and parasympathetic ganglia (near or inside visceral effectors)

What neurotransmitter do cholinergic neurons release?

Cholinergic neurons release acetylcholine, which binds to cholinergic receptors

What do adrenergic neurons release, and what do they bind to?

Adrenergic neurons release norepinephrine, which binds to adrenergic receptors like alpha and beta receptors

What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist?

An agonist activates a receptor, mimicking natural effects, while an antagonist blocks a receptor, preventing those effects

What does the sympathetic division of the ANS do?

It supports physical activity and rapid energy production (fight-or-flight response)

How do the effects of sympathetic stimulation compare to parasympathetic stimulation?

Sympathetic stimulation effects are longer lasting and more widespread than those of parasympathetic stimulation

What is an autonomic reflex?

An autonomic reflex adjusts the activities of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands, involving a reflex arc

What is the major control center of the ANS?

The hypothalamus is the main control and integration center for the ANS, connected to both divisions

Where are ganglia located?

Near or within target organs

Sensory input mainly comes from _______

Interoreceptors

The ANS has a ____ neuron pathway:

2 Neuron pathway;
- Preganglionic neuron synapses with postganglion neuron before reaching target oragn

The primary transmitters in the ANS:

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine

Sympathetic response:

Fight or flight response, prepares body for emergency situations

Parasympathetic response:

Rest and digest response, promotes relaxation and recovery

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers synapse with cells in the _____ medulla, triggering release of adrenaline into bloodstream

Adrenal

The ANS regulates the:

Heart, smooth muscles, and glands

The ____ nerve carries a lot of parasympathetic signals that reach chest/abdomen

Vagus (X) nerve

Key Ganglia:

Ciliary (eye), pterygopalatine (nasal/palate), submandibular (salivary glands), and otic (parotid glands)

_______ tone is controlled by the hypothalamus and helps balance the sympathetic/parasympathetic activities

Autonomic

What structures ONLY get singnals from the sympathetic divsion of the ANS:

Sweat glands, kidneys, and blood vessels

During stress, the sympathetic divsion is active/inactive?

Active

The effects of the sympathetic response:

Dilation of pupils
Increased heart rate

Wide airways

Increased blood flow

Effects of the parasympathetic response:

Digestion
Narrow pupils

SLUUD responses

Decreased heart rate

Neurons in the ANS are either:

Adrenergic (release norepinephrine)
Cholinergic (release acetycholine ACh)

Preganglionic neurons in the thoracic and lumbar segments of spinal cord form the:

Throacolumbar outflow

Preganglionic neurons in cranial nerves and sacral segments form the:

Cranial Outflow

Preganglionic neurons are myelinated/unmyelinated

Myelinated

Postganglionic neurons are myelinated/unmyelinated

Unmyelinated

The two main types of adrenergic receptors:

Alpha and beta receptors

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