GEN-PSYC Test #5
Motivation
need or desire that energizes behavior
Instinct
complex behavior that is unlearned with a fixed pattern
Homeostasis
balanced, constant internal state
Incentive
positive/negative stimulus that motivates behavior
Arousal Theory
focuses on finding the right level of stimulation
Belonging
a central human motivation to form close, enduring relationships
Ostracism
deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups (to experience ostracism is to experience real pain)
When someone experiences ________, it elicits increased activity in the brain area that activate when one experiences _______ pain. ________, we experience ________ pain with the same emotional unpleasantness that marks _______ pain.
1. ocstracism, 2. physical, 3. psychologically, 4. social, 5. psysical
Postive Social Effects of Social Networking
-Supportive connection
-Provides information
Negative Social Effects of Social Networking
-time + attention sucking distraction
-interfere w/ sleep
-interferes w/ exersize
-interferes w/ face-to-face relationships
-FOMO-Fear Of Missing Out
-Tendancy to compare self w/ others
-Promotes narcissisim- exessive self love + self absorption
-Exessive time online = lower grades
Glucose
blood sugar that provides energy for the body
Insuline
hormone secreted by pancreas that influences appetite
Basal Metibolic Rate
the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
___ glucose level + _____ insulin levels = __________
1. Lower 2. Higher 3. Hunger
Situational Influences on Eating
Serveing size is significant (portion size matters)
Obesity
BMI (Body Mass Index) of 30 or more
Anorexia
person is significantly underweight yet feels fat, starving oneself to dangerously low levels
Bulimia
repeated binge/purge episodes by overeating following vomiting or use of laxatives
Emotions involve a mixture of
-Physiology
-Expression
-Conscious experience
Physiology
Autonomic Nervous System controls Phsyiological Arousal
Sympathetic NS division
Arousing- (speed up)
Eyes: Pupils open wider (dilate)
Salivation: Decreases
Skin: Perspires
Respiration (breatheing): Increases
Heart: Speeds up
Digestion: Slows
Adrenal Glands: Increased stress hormones
Immune system functioning: Reduced
Parasympathetic NS division
Calming- (slows down)
Eyes: Pupils get smaller (contract)
Salivation: Increases
Skin: Dries
Respiration: Decreases
Heart: Slows
Digestion: Speeds up
Adrenal Glands: Decreased stress hormones
Immune System Functioning: Enhanced
Flight/Fight
Sympathetic NS
AROUSAL
Tend/Befriend
Sympathic NS
-GIVE + SEEK SUPPORT (women)
-Men usually withdraw during stress- workout, drive, etc.
Rest/Digest
Parasympathetic NS
CALMING
Theories of Emotion- James + Lang
We feel emotion after our body's response
Theories of Emotion- Cannon + Bard
we feel emotion when our bodies respond (simultaneously)
Theories of Emotion- Schachter-Singer
one must be physically aroused + cognitively label the arousal
Anger- A short ______ that carries the ______ away and can be many times more _______ than the _______ that caused it.
1. madness 2. mind 3. hurtful 4. injury
Stress
process by which we appraise + respond to threatening/challenging events
Appraise/appraisal
To think something over/evaluate
Stressors
things that push our buttons- a challenge or event
Stress reactions
physical + emotional responses
Stress appraisal
a psychological filter through which we perceive events in life
3 Types of Stressors- Catasrophes
unpredictable large-scale events
-flood
-wildfire
-hurricane
-affects many people
3 Types of Stressors- Significant changes
life transitions
-divorce
-marriage
-begining college
3 Types of Stressors- Daily hassles
everday annoyances
-slow drivers in fast lane
-phone battery dies
-forget lunch
Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
1. Alarm Reaction- Mobilize resources
2. Resistance- Cope w/ stress
3. Exhaustion- Reserves are depleted
Stress leads to
1. increased vonerability to getting sick
2. unhealthy behaviors
-poor diet
-decreased exersize
3. risky decisions
Psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psycological, neurological, + endocrine processes work together to affect the immune system
Social psychology
the scientific study of how individuals think about, influence, + relate to one another
An attribution
mental process people use to explain their behavior or the behavior of others
Attribution theory
explaining one's behavior attributing it to internal dispositions or external situations
Fundamental Attribution Error
when analyzing other's behaviors, the tendancy to overestimate their personality traits and underestimate the impact of the situation
Attitudes
beliefs + feelings that predispose our reactions to objects, people, + events + guide our behavior
*ATTITUDES AFFECT ACTIONS*
Foot in the Door Phenomeon
tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Social Norms
rules for socially accepted + expected behavior
Conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide w/ a group or standard
Chameleon Effect
unconsiously imitating other's expressions, postures, + voice tones
Mood Linkage
tendency to absorb + participate in the prevailing mood of people around
Social Facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Social Loafing
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward a common goal, than when individually accountable
Deindividuation
the loss of self awareness + self-restraint when in group situations that foster arousal + anonymity
Group Polarization
strengthening a group's preexisting attitudes through discussions within the group
Group Think
occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Prejudice
an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group + its' memebers
Bystander Effect
tendancy for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the emergency is being observed by several other people