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no, canada remained a british colony. the provinces had domestic independance since 1848. britain still retained veto rights
yes and no. canada became a constitutional monarchy like britain and copied their constitution but made 2 change, federal system and a supreme court(judicial supremacy)
ontario, quebec, new brunswick, nova scotia
slowly over 100 years from 1849 when the governer general first agreed with the governement and ended in 1949 with the ablishment of the jcpc
yes but we dont think of them as canadian
to expand to the west so that ressources could be traded back and forth from the west and the east via a railroad. problem was there was already people living there
they were first given the province of manitoba but then they made the mistake pf executing thomas scott who was a member of the orange order who are an english prodestant extremist group. when canada sends forces to protect manitoba from usa, orange order members go and push the metis out of manitoba instead
negotiated through the numbered treaties
1870-manitoba; 1871-Bc; 1873PEI; 1905-Sask/Alberta; 1949-newfoundland 1999-nunavut
we did automatically because britain did
Canada distinguished themselves internationaly from britain especially with the battle at vimy ridge and they signed the armistice seperate from uk. ww1 was a big step towards independance
canada enterered roaring 20's which was a time of great economic growth which came to a halt in 1929 with the great depression. that ended in 1939 with ww2
by 1939 canada was a fully functioning independant country and voted to join the war on their own but we still thought of ourselves as british. Canada distinguished itself again and so did the indigenous peoples. canada came out of the war with a better economy than the rest of the world
a wellfare state was created which meant the governement had to take care of its citizens. Canada became a nation of immigrants in 1945 to go with its booming economy. Canada began to revolve around us instead of uk and embraced multiculturalism
prior to 1960 quebec was the most conservitive and by 1966 they were the most progressive. they embraced seccularism(church removed from state) and statism(turn to the state for solutions). they realised it would be easier to protect quebec language/culture if they were independant.
they were a small terrorist group in quebec who tried to get independance by killing and bombing. quebequers didnt like this and decided they would try to instead negotiate their soverignty.
provincial parti created for the purpose of getting quebec soverignty. they win in 1976 and hold a referendum in 1980 that trudeau announces he will honour
in 1979 trudeau lost to joe clarkes pcs in a very close election. joe clarke releases bad news budget and everyone disagrees so an election is called. trudeau comes back and wins 1980 election.
trudeau promises quebec a better deal in the constitution if they stay so quebec votes to stay
when this was attempted before, provinces could never agree on an ammending formula, and this was happening again. the night before it ended Roy mcmurty, jean chretien and roy romanow create the notwithstanding clause and the kitchen accords which all provinces agreed to accept quebec who still have not signed it because they did not get the better deal they were promised
patriation of constitution was rushed and therefore it is good on ideas but very poor on details. the only things they changed from the previous constitutions were the notwithstanding clause, the ammending formula and the charter. these flaws are still in our constitution today
gender was viewed as biological and had distinct gender norms. the men were expexted to work(public sector) and the women were expected to stay home(private sector).
primarily focused on getting women the right to vote which was acheived thanks to robert borden. he allowed the wives of men fighting in the war a chance to vote because he wanted a conscription for the ww1. women also wanted to work in the senate which failed at first but they applied to the JCPC in UK which granted them permission.
second wave feminism wanted to break the social norms for women in education and the workplace. at the time women were alienated in the suburbs. second wave feminism was very successful snd by 1970 is was acceptable for women to work
trying to break the double shift and the glass ceiling. double shift is that women were still expected to do the work at home and it was only accepted for them to work certain jobs. the glass ceiling is thag women can work but they often never hold the positions of power. This was not super succesful and some people say we are still in it and some say we are in 4th wave which is that gender should not matter at all.
we have judicial supremacy because we need a referee between federal and provincial governements due to our federal system. we have parlimentary supremacy because federal or provincial governements can just use the notwithstanding clause
Says First Nation rights take precedence over constitutional rights. also says that FN people are wards of the crown and that they must act in the best interest of them.
Says that an aboriginal person is metis,FN or inuit and that they have rights but it never outlines theses rights. this was taken to court and they rules that fn people have rights that they had before the europeans had arrived
says that there cannot be a law that favours a certain gender which affected the way fn status was determined. they had to change the way status was determined and many women regained their status
indigenous self governement that is equal but seperate from provincial or federal governemant but it is not sovereingty. can only be acheived through a modern treaty
negative rights because positive rights are more expensive
Trudeaus solution for the indian problem that would strip all fn people of their status. there was backlash for this and it was disregarded
fn protested patriation of the constitution as well as the charter of roghts and freedoms and they were successful both times
an attempt to get quebec to sign the constitution which failed because of indigenous activism. fn ppl didnt want this because if quebec signed they would never change the constitution again. Elijah Harper was the one who stopped it because he was the sole person who voted no in the maniba parliment and they were the last province who needed to sign.
1. the federal governement can change anything about itself
2. a provincial governement has to get federal approval to change something about itself
3. If you want a change that will affect more than one province, you need 7/10 provinces to agree and they need to add up to at least 50% of population
4. If you want to change something that will affect everyone one you need unanimous support
mohawk kanasatake people had had their land stolen and now they wanted to build a golf course on sacred land. The kanasatake people created a roadblock that resulted in a shootout and a dead police officer. Kanawage people roadblocked the bridge to montreal in solidarity with them which brought in the canadian army who took back the bridge. the kanasatake then dropped their weapons and walked away from the roadblock and were beaten. 3 kanasatake people were charged and 1 was convicted. governement took the land to guarantee no golf course would be built there
Canadians shared the same sports ideals as the olympics for things like the way you win is more important than just winning and they were both created by upper class. they also both followed the idea of amateurism but that changed in the late 1900s
not well and it was considered an economic failure because it took 30 years to pay off the debt
it went better than montreal because they planned it better but canada barely won anything
he was the best hockey player of all time who was the epitome of canadian ideals. he chose to be traded to la but canadians did not blame him for it and they continued to love him.
Canadian track runner who was caught for doping after winning olympic gold in 1988 and even though pretty much everyone else was doping too, canadian began to hate him. he violated the code of conduct for canadian athletes and hated him. donovan baily was another canadian who won gold but he did not receive the praise he should because of ben johnson
both womens and mens hockey teams won gold and and it was canadas most successful olympics
the second attempt to get quebec to sign the constitution and it failed miserably.
Brian mulroony smokes john turner in the 1984 election and he has a close irish bond with ronald reagen so he convinces him to allow free trade in north america. Brian Mulroony wins 1988 election which was based solely on the question of free trade and he gets canada to join NAFTA in 1993
we see the implication of two protest parties which were the reform party and the bloq who both won a lot of seats. the liberals won a majority and the conservatives only won 2 seats.
with the failure of charlottown accords the PQ under leader jacques perizeau announces they will hold another referendum in 1995. Perizeau gets lucien Bouchard to take over and be the face of the referendum because he is much more popular. The Candian governement starts to get worried so they start to make claims against quebec leaving and so does the US. quebec voted to stay by less than 1% and later we found out that even though the question didnt say it, if quebec would have voted to leave perizeau would have immediatly announced quebec leaving and france would have recognized them. referendum 2 was quebecs last chance at sovereignty
the world went from a multipolar world to a bipolar world with 2 superpowers US and russia. this began the cold war.
there was an arms race and mutually assured destruction between us and russia so instead of fighting a war directly they fought it through proxy wars. the cold war was between capitalism and communism and both ideaoligies wanted to rule the world so us and russia would support their ideologies in proxy wars. the berlin wall began the dominos of communist countries and eventually led to the fall of the soviet union and communism and the end of the cold war.
Canada is capitalist country so they are on the side of the us and they fight in some proxy wars as well mainly korea. Canadian governement had some scares woth russian spies and did some crazy things like trying to get rid of all gay people in governement this was called the red scare. we also got the us to help us support capitalism in western europe
with the end of the cold war, canada became a leader peacekeeping and human rights around the world. Canada helped create the ICC and promotes a responsobility to protect your citizens and they make the un a powerful force in the 90s. this all came to an end with 911
yes, countries did not have to but instead chose to embrace globalization. it is not a natural occurence
Christopher Columbus trip to the americas marked the beginning of sustained contact between europe and the americas. Western europe became wealthy and began to innovate and led globalization 2.0
britains innovations like electricity and trains allow for faster and better global transportation and britain becomes the worlds superpower
the creation of the internet allowed for the spread of info and ideas all over the world
smartphones and high speed internet has allowed for information and products to be mobalized and not attached to a physical infrastructure
9-11 created a new global paradigm. the us invided afghanistan to try and get al queda and they also used it to invade iraq by connecting them to al queida
peter mckay, the leader of the pcs promised that he would not allow a merger but the stephen harper agreed to a deal that much favored the pcs compared to the reform party so peter mckay accepted. Steven Harper was made the leader of the new conservative party because he was expected to lose to paul martin which he did but not by much so he stayed in power and won the election in 2006
in 2011 it looked like the conservatives were the new superpower and that the liberals were obsolete because of the rise of the NDP under jack layton. this all changes when jack layton dies after 2011 election and mike duffy scandal puts a dark spot on stephen harper. at the same time the liberals bring in justin trudeau who became super popular at the time and the liberals won the 2015 election.
John Finnis. Patriation and Patrimony. the role the british played in the patriation of the constitution from the point of view of an austrailian man
Samuel LaSelva. The Charte, British Connection And the americanization thesis. Montesquian analysis says canada did more like us and less like uk with the chater. Compares british and american confederations to the Charter from a Canadian perpective.
equal opportunity and gender dissadvantages. Lesley Jacobs. Promotes the ideal of equal opportunity. This has been pushed aside in recent years because of the wage gap but equal opportunity is more important
Linda pertusati. Mowhawk oka conflict. land base is crucial to maintaining the survival of the indigenous peoples. governement refuses to acknowledge indigenous land claims. oka crisis is just a chapter in an ongoing fight between the mowhaks and the governement for liberation
steven jackson. reflecting on sport heros and identity. the importance of gretzky and ben johnson and the role the media played in portraying their images.
paul lucardie. new political parties in canada. if a new party wants to succeed they cannot have extreme ideals and must have competent and popular leaders. talks about the creation of the reform party and the bloc quebequoi. values of the mew parties get pushed imto the big parties
harold clarke-quebec referendum. quebecs nationalism comes from cultural and linguistic differences. quebec wanting more power in governement to protect their language and culture.
andy knight-coping with post cald war environment. looking at the promises the liberals made for foreing policy in the 90s. how the liberals succeeded in expanding free trade but how they failed to differentiate their foreing policy from the conservatives and that foreing policy promises are much easeir to be made then kept.