2535 week 7- Patho
What is Immunity
Refers to resistance against a foreign material or substance
What is an antigen and its types
Antigen: the foreign material/ substance
Incomplete AT: cannot induce an immune response unless it's paired with another antigen
Complete AT: Can induce an immune response and interacts with antibodies
Lymphocytes General meaning
helps produce immunoglobulins
B-cells
originate from lyph tissue found in the GI tract and Bone marrow
T-cells & Types
originates from the thymus
1) T-helper: helps the B-cells with antibody production
help macrophages with delayed hypersensitivity
2) T-suppressor: inhibit excess T & B cell production
3) T-natural killer: kill cells before an AT encounter
kill neoplastic before they become neoplasms
4) T- Cytotoxic: kill other cells that process AT/ foreign substances
Antigen Presentation
T cells cannot process or recognize AT and so they need to be broken down
Macrophages, Dendrites & APC present AT to T-cells
Macrophages must contain a MHC on their surface so T cell can recognize
what are the five classes of immunoglobulins
1) IgG
2) IgA
3) IgM
4) IgE
5) IgD
IgG
The most abundant immunoglobulin
neutralizes antigen activity
Promotes phagocytosis and opsonization
EXTREMELY important for children: transmits through the placenta and protects the child for the first 6 months of life
partakes in CAS
CAS- Complement Activation System
Initiates vascular and cellular acute inflammation
Special serum proteins that take part in AT-AB action
Three steps: 1) lyse cells
2) Release histamines
3) Attract leukocytes
IgM
Promote antigenic stimulation
larger and do readily pass
Develop quicker
agglutination of large foreign objects
IgA
Interacts with antigens before they enter the system
ex: tears, saliva
IgD
AT receptor on surface of mature B-cells
What are the three categories of Immunologic disease
1) Hypersensitivity/ allergy
2) Immune Deficiency
3) Autoimmune deficiency
IgE
Attaches to basophils & mast cells in tissue
Release histamine- vaso active substance
increase of eosinophils
HS: Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Anaphylactic shock
mediated by IgE
immediate
Very similar to the first stage of acute inflammation
HS: Type 2 Hypersensitivity
Cytotoxic type
Destruction of the host cell
RBC are the main target
Reaction could be immediate or prolonged
HS: Type 3 Hypersensitivity
Immune complex
build up AB in vessels activating c5a & c3a inflammation
Make take several days
HS: Type 4 hypersensitivity
delayed/cell-mediated
destruction of T-cells and Macrophages
1-2 days to reach peak then slowly develops
Immune Defeciency disease and two sub types
too little of a response to antigen
sub divisions: 1) inherited form- very low serum levels of gamma
2) Acquired form- not as low serum levels
AIDS- Acquires immune defeciency syndrome
when pt is HIV postive and has very low CD4+ levels
symptoms: sever weight loss, lethargy, diarrhea
Long term diagnoses has poor chance of survival
T-cell immune defeciency disease
absence of skin reactivity= delayed hypersensitivity
affects AB production
Autoimmune defeciency diease
when body turns on it's own compnenets
"rejecting self"
Mediated by lymph and AB
HS 1 diseases
1) Asthma
2) hay fever
3) uticaria
4) angioedema
5) systemic anaphylaxis
HS 2 diseases
1) Erythroblastosis Fetalis
2) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia & thrombocytopenia
3) Blood transfusion reaction
HS 3 dieases
1) Arthus Reaction
2) serum sickness
3) Glomeurnephritis
HS 4 diseases
1) contact dermatisis
2) Graft rejection
Autoimmune disease- SLE
SLE- systemic Lupus Erythrematosus
Multiple organ inflammation due to HS: II, III, IV
middle aged- adult women are the most susceptible
Lab testing
1) Skin Testing
2) lymphocytes
3) indirect coombs
4) direct coombs
5) Rheumatoid factor
6) ethryombytes
7) ANA
8)immunofluroscent
9) immunochem
HS 1: Asthma
involves affected bronchi: bronchial constriction
increase bronchial secretion
edema
impeded airflow results in wheezing
HS 1: Hay Fever (Allergic Rhinitis)
Ubiqtious allergens
inflammed and infected sinus
partial obstruction
hyper secretion of mucuous lining
HS 1: Angioedema
more severe then uritcaria
involves deep dermis
mouth,lips,pharynx
HS 1: uritacrius (hives)
elevated red lesions
Rapid development after allergen exposure
Piurtic and red
HS 1: Systemic anaphylaxis
true medical emergency
bronchospasm, uritcaria, vascular dilation
pt LOC, shock, decrease in temp
HS 2: erthyroblastosis Fetalis
Due to Rh incompatability, IgG travels through the placenta and transers Rh Antigen
Hemolyzied RBC
This can cause the baby to have jaundice, anemia
HS 2: Blood Transfusion
A: B AB
B: A AB
O: both A&B AB
AB: neither
to prevent this: cross matching and typing
HS 3: Arthus Reaction
local injection of AT to see if inflammation will occur
Shows necorsis, vasculitis, infiltration
HS 3: Glomurephritis
Loading of AB-AT content
post strep
results in renal disturbances
HS 3: Serum Sickness
Allergy to horse serum
causes vasculitis, enlarged lymph
HS 4: Graft rejection
MHC must be a match between donor and recepient
HS 4: Contact Dermatitis
direct allergen exposure
causes uraticis, chronically inflammed skin
trt: steroid meds, removal of allergen