chemistry 🧪🦠
ion
a charged particle that has lost or gained electrons
isoelectrical
2+ atoms with the same amount of electrons
ionic bonding
when 2+ atoms loose or gain electrons to form an ion
properties of ionic substances
•conduct when in matter or in a solution
•hard solids with hmp and hbp
•form crystalline solutions
•giant lattice structure
•regular, repeating pattern of oppositely charged electrons
covalent bonding
where 2+ non metals share pairs of electrons
properties of covalent substances
•cant carry charge
•low mp and bp because of the weak intermolecular forces of attraction (easy to overcome)
Properties of diamond 💎
•giant covalent
•hard
•hmp and hbp
•cant carry charge
properies of graphite ⚫️
•giant covalent
•soft
•high mp and bo
•can carry electrical charge
structure of a diamond
tetrahedial- each carbon bonds to 4 others via covalent bonds
why does 💎 have hmp and hbp
lots of energy is needed to overcome the stong covalent bonds
why does 💎 have a hard structure
many carbons are joined to form a giant lattice arangement held together by covalent bonds- takes alot to break
why does 💎not carry charge
no free electrons
what is graphite
a giant covalent substance
what is the structure of graphite
each carbon is bonded to 3 othersby strong covalent bonds. these carbon atoms are arranged in layers held together by weak intermolecular forces.
graphite is soft and slipperey so the layers slip around easily.
what is graphene
graphene is a single layer of graphite
properties of graphene
•made of carbon
•each atom is joined to 3 others (3 covalent bonds)
•1 delocalised electron per carbon
•stong covalent bonds
•can carry charge
why is graphene strong
has a giant lattice structure which consists of joined carbon atoms via covalent bonds. These bonds require lots of energy to overcome.
what is a fullerene
a molecule made of carbon atoms with a hollow shape
properties of fullerenes
•each structure is made of hexagonal rings of carbon atoms
•strong covalent bonds
•weak intermolecular forces
•large surface area to volume ratio
what is a carbon nanotube
carbon nanotubes are examples of fullurenes with a cylindrical shape and high length to diamater ratio
properties of carbon nanotubes
•made of carbon
•used to destroy cancer tumours - flow into the blood and destroy it
•slipperey
•used in filtration systems and wind turbines
•strong covalent bonds
•can carry charge
nanoparticles
A nanoparticle is a small particle that ranges between 1 to 100 nanometres in size. they have a very high surgace area to volune ratio- they have different properties of the same materials in bulk and smaller quantities are needed to be effective
polymer
a polymer is a very long molecule made up of many units
difference between polymer and monomer
m- a single unit
p- many of them connected together
the properties of polymers depend on 2 things-
•the monomers its made from
•the conditions the polymer is made in
ldpe- low density poly ethene
•strong
•flexible
•resistant to chemicals
thermo softening and thermo setting
softening- melt when heates
setting- dont melt when heated
composote materials
•the reinforcement ( the main material )
•the matrix ( holds the reinforcement together )
metallic bonding
the force of attraction between the positive metal ions and the sea of delocalised electrons forming a large metallic structure
whats a metal
regular layers of positively charged metal ions surrounded by negatively charged delocalised electrons
whats an alloy
a mixture of chemical elements where atleast one is a metal
properies of a metal
•giant structure
•regular arrangement
•layers - slide over eachother
•can be bent easily
properties of an alloy
•giant structure
•irregular arrangement as the atoms are different sizes
•not in layers- cant be easily shaped
true or false- pure metals are softer and weaker than alloys
✅
giant covalent
Giant covalent substances have many atoms joined together by covalent bonds
small covalent
each molecule contains only few atoms with strong covalent bonds between them. Different molecules are held togeyher by weak intermolecular forces
large molecules
many repeating units joined by covalent bonds to form a chain. the small section is bonded to many identical sectipns to the left and right.
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