History medieval and renaissance medicine HT 1
What were the four ideas that people in medieval England believed were the causes of disease?
The Four Humours
Miasma
God/religion
Astrology
What were the four humours?
black bile
yellow bile
phlegm
blood
How did people think the Four Humours caused disease?
If they were out of balance
Why did people think God made them ill?
As a punishment or to test their faith
What did people think was the link between astrology and disease?
The alignment of the planets and stars caused disease
Who invented the Theory of the Four Humours?
Hippocrates
Who developed the Theory of Opposites, linked to the Four Humours?
Galen
Give two examples of treatments linked to the Theory of Opposites
Too much phlegm could be cured by eating hot peppers
A fever could be treated with cucumber to cool down the patient
How did Galen suggest the humours could be balanced?
Through exercise and a good diet
What did people in medieval England give to the Church each month?
A tithe (sum of money), used to pay for basic medical care
What did Roger Bacon suggest in the 13th century?
Doctors should do their own research instead of learning from Galen’s books
How did the Church respond to Roger Bacon’s ideas that doctors should do their own research?
They put him in prison
Give three examples of things women could do as healers in medieval England
Act as midwives
Work as apprentice surgeons
Grow plants for use in herbal remedies
What did an apothecary do in medieval England?
Make ointments and medicines for physicians
Give an example of a herbal manual an apothecary might use
Materia Medica
Why did the Church disapprove of apothecaries?
They sometimes used supernatural remedies, like amulets and charms
Whose books did physicians read at university?
Hippocrates, Galen and Arab writers
Give an example of a textbook physicians used to learn about medicine
The Articella
What surgeries could medieval surgeons carry out?
Surgeries on the OUTSIDE of the body, such as sewing up wounds, pulling teeth, blood-letting and amputating limbs
What three things did medieval hospitals provide for patients?
Food, warmth and prayers
What was the most common treatment for an imbalance of the humours?
Blood-letting (phlebotomy)
What was purging?
Removing leftover food from the body by vomiting or excreting it
Where would people carry out pilgrimages to in order to recover from illness?
The tombs of saints noted for their healing powers
Give an example of a book featuring a range of herbal remedies
Bald’s Leechbook
Give two examples of diagrams surgeons would use to help carry out treatments
A wound man: to deal with complex wounds
A vein man: to show where blood-letting should happen on the body
What new idea about the cause of disease was present during the Great Plague?
Transference - the idea that disease could be passed from person to person
On what occasions did people gather together during the Great Plague?
During days of fasting and public prayers
What role did searchers play during the Great Plague?
They were women who visited the dead and decided if plague was the cause of death
How was quarantine used during the Great Plague?
If someone caught the plague, the rest of their household had to stay in their home for 28 days
What was the difference of the church's power and what was it called?
The church lost almost everything because of the downfall of the church
Who began to go to hospitals during the renaissance?
Wounded
people with curable diseases
Who was William Harvey also known as?
Harry Styles (blood goes in one direction)
Why was William Harvey ignored?
Because he had little practicle experience
What did Thomas Sydenham do?
He encouredged students to observe patients
What did Andreas Vesalius do?
He proved over 300 mistakes in Galens' findings
What books did Vesalius publish?
Six anatomical tables-Skeletal
On the fabric of the human body-Which corrected Galen over 300 time
What was the printing press and why was it good?
It was a printer this helped because people could learn more, more quickly
Who used the printing press to spread his ideas?
Martin Luther who used his ideas to challenge the church
What caused the church to lose power?
Martin Luther
Printing press
The church losing money
95 thesis'
What did the Royal Society do?
The RS published the first scientific journal helping people understand the human body
What was the best University?
Padua
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