BIO topic 5
what are the two definitions of adaptation
the process and the outcomes
what is the first definition of adaptation
a heritable phenotype improving fitness in an environment
what is th second definition of adaptation
the evolutionary process producing such phenotypes
second definition of adaptation is a synonym for
natruel selection
adaptation evolves via
natruel selection
what is an exaptation
traits that currently serve an adaptive function but originated in a different context.
example of exaptation
feathers in birds were not initially adapted for flight but evolved long before birds could fly, originating from theropod dinosaurs.
what acclimation / acclimatization
the process by which an individual organism adjusts to environmental changes, leading to reversible physiological changes that are not heritable
is acclimation natruel selection
NON
what are two forms of adaptation
exaptation and acclimation
what are adaptationist fairt tales
untested hypotheses explaining adaptations as the result of natural selection without substantial evidence.
example of adaptationist fairy tales
the claim that the flat body of land crabs is an adaptation for navigating between leaves in their habitat
how to detect a genuine adaptation
must dterming its function and prove that it inceases fitness in its current environement
knowledge sould be guided by evidence rather than
assumption
what are methods that detect adaptation
bservational studies correlating traits with fitness benefits and manipulative experimental studies.
What is the comparative method
examine trait differences among populations or species in relation to variations in presumed selective agents
what is resiprocal transplant
if local adaptation has occurred, individuals should perform better in their native environment than in a foreign one.
adaptation do not have to be
complex
natruel selection is ... and produces very ...
complexe and produces complexe structures
what is a complex adaptation
interdependent parts that often emerge through a lengthy evolutionary process involving numerous gradual changes.
complex adaptation can also arise from
exaptation
what is a darwinian demon
theoretical organisms that would achieve maximal fitness if they could continuously reproduce without decline, a scenario that does not exist in nature.
why do we see imperfections in adaptation
variation may be lacking for certain phenotypes/adaptations, suggest a waiting game
what are the 6 constraints/ imperfections of adaptation
Darwinian demons, historical constraints, functional trade-off, trade-offs in investement, environments change and other evolutionary processes may matter
what is historical constraints
natural selection modifies phenotypes that are already existing from evolution, an organism's evolutionary history can impact future evolution
what is functional trade-offs
traits can serve multipule functions and the optimal design for one functions can be different for another function
trade-offs in investments definition
traits can be coslty to produce and maintain organisms only have finite energy budgets resources invested in one are therefore unavailable for another
what is environment change
Traits that were once advantageous may become maladaptive if the environment shifts, highlighting the lack of foresight in natural selection.
natruel selection is constanlty
playing catch up
genetic drift, gene flow and recurrent mutation are evolitionary processes that
don<t produce attaptaion, maybe by chance, but not usually
genetif drift, gene flow and recurrent mutation are not
linked to variation in fitness, therefore do not produce adaptation, and can caused maladaption