NBCD 2

_________the process by which food is broken down into absorbable units

Digestion

__________the uptake of nutrients by the cells of the small intestine for transport into either the blood or the lymph.

Absorption

The process of chewing is called_______

Mastication

The process of swallowing_______

Deglutition

________masticated food

Bolus

_______examples are peristalsis and segmentation

Motility

________process done by accessory organs. Release of digestive enzymes.

Secretion

_________process wherein nutrients move from GI mucosa into the internal environment

Absorption

__________has the thickest walls and strongest muscles of all the GI tract organs.

Stomach

_______circulates the fat

Lymph blood vessels

To protect themselves from gastric juice, the cells of the stomach wall secrete_________

Mucus

_________involuntary wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along.

Peristalsis

________ an involuntary periodic squeezing or partitioning of the intestine at intervals along its length by its circular muscles.

Segmentation

The semiliquid, partially digested food that travels through the intestinal tract is called______

Chyme

The main function of bile is to:_____

Emulsify fats

The pancreas neutralizes stomach acid in the small intestine by secreting:

Bicarbonate

Which nutrient passes through the GI tract mostly undigested and unabsorbed?

Fiber

_______bolus that will now enter small intestine

Chyme

Absorption occurs primarily in the:

Small Intestine

All blood leaving the GI tract travels first to the:,

Liver

Which nutrients leave the GI tract by way of the lymphatic system?

fats and fat-soluble vitamins

Digestion and absorption are coordinated by the:

Both a and b

Gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin are examples of:

Enzymes

_______ from trypsinogen breaks polypeptides to smaller peptides

Trypsin

________ enzyme that responds to the Food in the stomach, is excreted by the Stomach wall, stimulated by the Stomach glands whose response is that Hydrochloric acid secreted into the stomach

Gastrin

___________enzyme that responds to Acidic chyme in the small intestine, and is secreted in the Duodenal wall which stimulates the Pancreas to produce Bicarbonate-rich juices secreted into the small intestine

Secretin

_________enzyme that responds to Fat or protein in the small intestine secreted in the Intestinal wall, which stimulates the Gallbladder to respond that Bile be secreted into the duodenum

Both a and d

______enzyme that responds to fat or protein in the small intestine in the intestinal wall, which stimulates the Pancreas to respond that Bicarbonate- and enzyme-rich juices be secreted into the small intestine

Cholecystokinin

The following are used for cyclic enteral feeding

Enteral Pump

The patient's head must be elevated when receiving tube feeding

True

________is feeding that involves injecting into a vein any number of sterile solutions that the body needs including nourishment and electrolytes

A and B

: an infection of the digestive tract that causes diarrhea.

dysentery

: a by-product of cheese production; falsely promoted as increasing muscle mass. Whey is the watery part of milk that separates from the curds.

whey protein

__________ is also known as the urea cycle

Ornithine/ Krebs Henseleit cycle

Amino acids , , ___ can undergo mixed glycogenic/ketogenic cycle

Isoleucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Threonine

is a hormone for glucose control. Its action is enhanced by Chromium.

Insulin

is a hormone from Tryptophan inducing sedative feeling.

Serotonin

_____________ carries Oxygen

Hemoglobin

, _, , __are blood clotting factors

Thrombin, plasmin, thromboplastin, fibrin

________ transport protein for Iron

Transferrin

___________is the most abundant non-enzymatic protein used as carrier for Cu and Zn protein transport

Metallothionein

_________is the abundant Amino Acid in bloodstream. Used for. Nitrogen shuttle. Precursor for biosynthesis of nucleotides, amino sugars or PRO and other amino acid citrulline and alanine. Increases during illness.

Glutamine

Tyrosine converted to_____

Dopamine

__________is an amino acid precursor of Niacin

Tryptophan

Amino Acid____+cholic acid becomes glycocholic acid, a bile salt agent for fat digestion.

Glycine

widely used as flavor enhancer. Also known as source for umami.

Glutamic acid

is an Amino Acid precursor of cysteine

Methionine

formed due to citrulline and arginine

Urea

is a coenzyme that contains vitamin B6. Important in many reactions such as deamination, decarboxylation, desulfuration, formation and metabolism of tryptophan etc.

Pyridoxal phosphate PLP

is the most active form of folic acid

Tetrahydrofolate

True or False: There is a place for storage amino acids in the human body.

FALSE

:structures within the nucleus of a cell made of DNA and associated proteins. Human beings have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. Each chromosome has many genes.

chromosomes

:the double helix molecules of which genes are made.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

:the study of heritable changes in gene function that occur without a change in the DNA sequence.

epigenetics

:the process by which a cell converts the genetic code into RNA and protein.

gene expression

:sections of chromosomes that contain the instructions needed to make one or more proteins.

genes

the study of genes and inheritance.

genetics

:the study of all the genes in an organism and their interactions with environmental factors.

genomics

:the full complement of genetic material in the chromosomes of a person's cells.

human genome

: a permanent change in the DNA that can be inherited.

mutations

are the nitrogen- containing building blocks of DNA and RNA-cytosine (C), thymine (T), uracil (U), guanine (G), and adenine (A).

nucleotide bases

In DNA, the base pairs are___, and in RNA, the base pairs are_ and ___.

A-T and C-G; A-U and C-G.

the science of how food (and its components) interacts with the genome.

nutritional genomics

The study of how nutrients affect the activities of genes is called

nutrigenomics

The study of how genes affect the activities of nutrients is called

nutrigenetics

: an inherited disorder characterized by failure to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine. Tyr being the EAA of children affected of this disease

phenylketonuria

a compound similar to DNA, but RNA is a single strand with a ribose sugar instead of a deoxyribose sugar and uracil instead of thymine as one of its bases.

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

: a way of stating the percentage of alcohol in distilled liquor.

proof

particular type of alcohol found in beer, wine, and distilled liquor. Is also the only legal, nonprescription drug that produces euphoria.

Ethanol

Liquor that is 100 proof is_____ % alcohol; 90 proof is 45%, and so forth.

50%

: an enzyme active in the stomach and the liver that converts ethanol to acetaldehyde.

alcohol dehydrogenase

Absorption of ____ which is a vitamin B-coenzyme is blocked when intaking too much alcohol. Therefore, alcoholics are prone to the deficiency of this vitamin.

Nicotinamide Adenine Dehydrogenase (NAD)

: Is a B vitamin. The coenzyme form is TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate).

thiamin

Is a B vitamin. The coenzyme forms are FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)

riboflavin

Is a B vitamin. The coenzyme forms are NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (the phosphate form of NAD). Can be eaten preformed or made in the body from its precursor, tryptophan, one of the amino acids.

niacin

occurs when nicotinic acid is taken in doses only three to four times the RDA

Niacin flush

B vitamin replenishes____in TCA cycle

oxaloacetate

is part of the chemical structure of coenzyme A-the same CoA that forms acetyl CoA

Pantothenic acid

helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin; helps to make red blood cells

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine)

Its primary coenzyme form, THF (tetrahydrofolate), serves as part of an enzyme complex that transfers one- carbon compounds that arise during metabolism

Folate, also known as folacin or folic acid, or pteroylglutamic
acid (PGA)

:a B vitamin characterized by the presence of cobalt. The active forms of coenzyme B12 are methyl cobalamin and deoxy adenosylcobalamin.

vitamin B12

is a nitrogen-containing compound found in foods and made in the body from the amino acid methionine. It is part of the phospholipid lecithin and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Choline

a nonessential, nonprotein amino acid made in the body from lysine that helps transport fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane.

carnitine

: one of the two active forms of vitamin C

ascorbic acid

: a substance in foods that significantly decreases the adverse effects of free radicals on normal physiological functions in the human body.

antioxidant

: unstable molecules with one or more unpaired electrons.

free radicals

a condition in which the production of oxidants and free radicals exceeds the body's ability to handle them and prevent damage

oxidative stress

a substance produced by cells of the immune system as part of a local immune reaction to an antigen; participates in causing inflammation.

histamine

The requirement for vitamin C is highest for

smokers

Lack of intrinsic factor may lead to

pernicious anemia

Many of the B vitamins serve as

coenzymes

Many of vit c serve as