RESEARCH
Contains Backrounds and reasons for the conduct of study.
Introduction
It sets the stage by providing background information and stating the research question
introduction
It describes the research design, dta collection, procedures, and statistical analysis.
Method
This section presents the findings and interprets their implications
the results and discussion
it provides concise summary of the entire paper, highlighting the key points s and findings
abstract
The primary objectives pf research in edication
to help candidate become an eminent educationist
it summarizes the makn findings
conclusion
Which is a criterion for a good research study
demonstrates the integration and different fields of knowledge
It is a process of executing various mental acts for doscovering and wxaminingfacts and information to prove accuracy or truthfullness of your calims
Research
It is the framework of research metjods and techniques chosen by a researcher to conduct a study
Research design
It is q research methods describing the characteristics of the population or phenomenon focusu on what and why of the research subject
Descriptive Research
It is a characteristic of research which takes place in an oeganized orderly manner
systematic
It gives ckrrect data shicj is the footnotes, bibliographical entries shoould honestly and appropriate documented or acknowledged
Accuracy
It must deal with facts, not with mrer questions arising frlm assumptions , gensralization, predictions or conclusions
objectiveness
It must work on the topic that is fresh, new and interesting to the present society
timeless
It is instrumental in improving society of in solving problesm affecfing thw lives of people on a community
Relevance
It must succeed in expressing its central point or discoveries by using simple direct and correct language
clarity
This type of research aims to apply your chosen research to societal problems or issues, finding ways to make positive changes in society.
Applied research
Investuage and solve issues
action research
Focus on the advancement of knowledge rtaher than solving a specific problem
Pure research
One variable leads to a rise in other variable
Positive Correlation
Increase in one variable, twh second variable will decrease
nagative
a change in one variable may not necessarily see a difference in the othe variable
no correlation
Involves measurement of data
Quantitative research
Not clearly defined, underinvestigated and poorly understood
Exploratory research
It is more on words and paragraphs
Qualitative Research
Study of particular cultural group to get a clear understanding of ita organizational set up intternal operation and lifestyle
Ethnography
It is a qualitatuve research that builds assumption that the universal essence depends on the audience experience
phenomenalogical research
It is based on participants own interpretations or explanations
grounded theory
Takes place in the field of social care, nursing and psychology
case study
Experimental Group is also kknown as
treatment group
the effect is already known or the placebo
control group
it is also known as fake treatment
placebo treatment
It is the presumed effect
Dependemt variable
It is the presumed cause
Independent Variable
it is the process of selecting respondents
sampling
intentionally selecting participants/specific respondents
purposive sampling
recruiting individuals becaud ethey arr available
convenience sampling
it has an equal chance of participation in sampling
probability sampling
not all populations have equal chance
non probability sampling
dividing population into groups
cluster sampling
divides population in specific groups is
stratified sampling
provides opportunity to moniyor or assess situation
observation
researcher is emerse in day to day activities of the participants
participants observation
questions answerable few alternatives ex. yes or no
structured interview
open ended questions
unstructured interview
close and open ended question
semi structured interview
in 1500 students take only 15th name respondents
systematic sampling
Personal Diaries is a
Primary Data
First hand data
primary data
more reliable
primary data
control over collection method
primary data
time and money intensive
primary data
sevond hand data
secondary da ta
comparatively less reliable
secondary data
no control over collection method
secondary data
time and cost effective
secondary data
research typically conducted by Teachers
action research
ethical consideration in research relates to
avoidance to harm research participants
when participants agree to participate in study
informed consents
stop and leave any point of the study
rights to widraw from research
anonimity and privacy
confidentiality
personal details keep anonymous
psychological and physical
it is a qualitative variable
nominal variable
example of nominal variables
socio economic status
can be categorized and rank
ordinal
categorized, rank and evenly spaced
interval
categorized, ranked, evenly space and haz a natural zero
ratio
quantitative and qualitative approach
mixed metjod approach
each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected
random sampling
research participants are asked to assist researchersvin identifying other potential subjects
snowball sampling
most comprehensive source of population data
census
researcher is undercover, the participants are unaware that they are being observed
covert
Being observe are aware and still participate in the activity
overt
One way of citing or referring to the author whose ideas appear in your work
Integral Citation
APA means
American Psychological Association
MLA means
Modern Language Association
APA AND MLA is
Integral Citation
The stress is given to the piece of information rather than owner of ideas
Non integral citation
Act of quoting or copying the exact words of the writer and passing the quoted words off as your own words
Plagiarism
illegal copying or distribution of copyrighted material via the internet
digital piracy
a symbol or words legally registered or established by the use as representing a company or product
trademark
conferring a roght or title for a set period
patent
word to word transcription of plagiarism
Direct Plagiarism
when a student submit his previous work and mixed part of his works
self plagiarism
when a student borrows a phrase from a source without using quotation
mosaic plagiarism
Occurs when a person neglects to cite theie sources
Accidental Plagiarism
It is a procwss of understanding data or known facts or assumptions serving as the vasis of any claims
Data Analysis
a rectangular table oe matrix in whxih rows represent observations or cases and columns represent variables and attributes
Data Matrix
it is the process of collecting and analyzing information
Data Collection
it entails collecting, measuring and analyzing information
Data Gathering
tentative solution to the problem or an answer to the research question
hypothesis
part of research wherein you can find the answers to the research problem
conclusion
The Problem and its background
Chapter 1
Review of Related Literature
Chapter 2
Method and Procedures
Chapter 3
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Chapter 4
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
Chapter 5
Theres a need to adopt sampling fpr research on academic problems encountered by indigenous children in a school
Purposive
when you are in rome, do what the romans do
ethnography
a variable thay handles the change in the dependent variable
intervening variable
study over prolonged periods of time
Longitudinal study
Investigates the direction and rate of change in a particular phenomenon over timd
trend study
type of epidemiological study in which group of people with a common characteristics example disease, condition, event, etc.
Cohort Study
observation studies that analyzed data from a population at a single point in time
cross sectional studies
learning peocess that motivates you to obtain knowledge or information about place, things, or events
inquiry
Protect participants on issues like use of drugs etc.
Anonymity
Grouping of units comprising a population into homogenous groups befre sampling in order to achieve a greater derees of representatives
stratification
It is through the senses, experience and observation
imperical
It is in an orderly manner
systematic
The procedure should be analytical in gathering data
analytical
You should not be bias in conducting research
objective
it is prone to biases
subjective
What can you do after you have chosen your research topic
Survey the related literature
It is already in the web that respondents need to answer
questionnaire method
with oral exchange of questions and answers
interview
you can use more than one source of data to strengthen the validity of research
triangulation
to see the relationship between variables
correlation
study of culture
ethnography
study of diseases
case study
it is base on data and developing new theories
ground theory
interpreting stories to understand how people make sense of their experience and perception
narrative research
limks theory to drive innovative changes
action research
it aims on the practical application to find solutions
applied research
practical and descriptive
applied research
focus on testing the theories
applied
the solution is limited to the problem
applied
focus on specific contents
applied
pays attention to the external validity
applied
expanding knowledge of the research topics
basic research
theoretical in natire
basic research
focus on generating theories
basic research
the solution can be generalized
basic research
focuses on various contexts
basic research
Pays attention in internal validity
basic research
most common and stable measure of central tendency
mean
most appearing number
mode
most sensitive when there is outliers
mean
it is less sensitive
median
determine the effect of stimulus
dependent
brief description of the research
abstract
organized the map od the study
outlines
provide teh main information of the topic
introduction
manipulate and analyse scholarly sources
literature review
technouqes that is being use in gathering information or data
methodology of materials and methods
present and elaborate obtained findings
results
evaluate their gained results and compare it to the previous study
discussion
provide potential solutions
recommendations
provides weaknesses of the research
limitations
provides final thoughts and summary of whole work
conclusion
include additional information of the research if necessary
acknowledgment and appendix
provides all cited works of the study
references
add or organized bidy of scientific knowledge and does necessary to produce results of practical value
basic
Refers to the coverage of the research to be explored
scope
Which of the following are the tupes of data used in performing quantitative research
discrete and continuous
it is the number of members of the family, wherein it is fixed number of the family
discreet
example is the age and height of the person because may butal or excess
continuous
types of data used in performing qualitative research
nominal, ordinal and binary data
it is a data by names l
nominal
it is a data by order
ordinal
it is a source that is base on first person or made by pwrson
primary source
it is gaining a specific percentage of available participants
quota sampling
choosing individuals from a specific categories
random sampling
a study completed over a distinct period of time to map changes in social phenomena
longitudinal design
sample of respondents are brought together at a common place and time
group administered questionnaire
this method provides a rich and detailed account that aids understanding, categorizing and interpreting the subject matter
descriptive
allows theory to emerge from the data
inductive theory
allows data to emerge from the theory
deductive theory
empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real life context
case study
success stories of successful entrepreneurs without any formal business education background
phenomenological study
it is not a social problem research that we don't need go look for a solution
phenomenological study
repeatability and accuracy are provided cor yhe quality of measurement procedures
reliability
it is comparing the three identified group of research to see its effect
causal-comparative research
this is the part pf yhe study that sets boundaries and parameters of the problem inquiry and narrows down the scope of the inquiry
scope and delimitation
it is the statement to be proven and disapproved
hypothesis
Ho is
null hypothesis
Ha is
alternative hypothesis
it disproved the null hypothesis
alternative hypothesis
it is the assumption, status quo and nothing new
null hypothesis
rejection of an assumption is
alternative hypothesis
assumed to be true
null hypothesis
always contain am equally
null hypothesis
do not contain equally
alternative hypothesis
research question to be proven
alternative hypothesis
Not describe. a hypothesis
a hypothesis must be testable, taking into account current knowledge and techniques and be idealistic
sampling method where we decide while designing the study how kany people with which characteristics to inclide as participants
quota sampling
actual observation in the class
natural setting
defined research as implying that the person has to search again, take another more careful look, and to find out more
Selltiz
defined research as a systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses
Kerlinger
They defined research as critical and self-critical inquiry aimed at contributing towards the advancement of knowledge and wisdom.
Coleman and Briggs
defined research as simply the systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic or problem
Aquino
defined research as the process of gathering data or information to solve a particular or specific problem in a scientific manner
Manuel and Medel
defined research as a systematic study or investigation of something for the purpose of answering questions posed by the researcher
Parel
defined research as a purposive and systematic process of gathering, analyzing,classifying, organizing, presenting, and interpreting data for the solution of the problem, for prediction, for invention, for the discovery of truth, or for the expansion or verification of existing knowledge, all for the preservation and improvement of the quality of human life
Calderon and Gonzales
This research is concerned with the interaction of the components of the variable being investigated
illuminative research
In this approach, the researcher begins with the total situation focusing attention on the system first then on it internal relationships
Holistic Approach
An observation based on faulty perceptions of empirical reality
-describing wrongly what is actually observed
Inaccurate observation
this is an attitude that admits the fallibility of man
To Err is Human
the tendency to lay down principles as incontrovertibly true, without consideration of evidence or the opinions of others.
Dogmatism