FORENSIC 3 - DEVELOPMENT & HISTORY OF HANDWRITING
The egyptians started using papyrus and brushes for writing.
Around 2400 BC
Hieroglyphs were simplified
Hieratic script
The script were simplified again around, and became widely used.
Demotic script
The ancient phoenician alphabet was also developed. It compomised 22 phonetically-based symbols and was widely used
1500 BC
The egyptians using 1) ______ and 2)________ for writing.
1. papyrus
2. red brushes
1) _________ smoothly on 2) ______ and allowed 3) _______ to 4)__________ which made symbols 5)_______ and 6)________ in appearance.
1. Ink flowed more
2. papyrus
3. scribes
4. write more quickly
5. less angular
6. more rounded
This was used originally exclusive for religious writing, but was later used.
Hieratic script (priestly writing) 1500 BC
In 1500 BC the 1)____________ also developed it compromised 2) _______________ and was widely used.
1. ancient phoenician alphabet
2. 22 phonetically-based symbols
It had spread to Greece, and under the rule of Alexander the Great, it further spread to Egypt, Persia, and India.
800 BC
In 800 BC, it had spread to 1)________ and under the 2)____________, it further spread to 3)_______, 4)_______ and 5)________.
1. Greece
2. rule of Alexander the Great
3. Egypt
4. Persia
5. India
The Roman Empire rose to power
2nd Century BC
In 2nd Century BC, the 1)_________ rose to power.
1. Roman Empire
had conquered Greece
146 BC
The Romans adopted many aspects of Greek culture, including the alphabet.
146 BC
In 146 BC, The 1)________ adopted 2)_______________, including the 3)_________.
1. Romans
2. many aspects of Greek Culture
3. alphabet
This 23-letter alphabet spread across Europeas far as Englan, and also into Northern Africa and the Persian Gulf.
146 BC
In 146 BC, This 1)_______________ spread across 2)__________ as far as 3)__________, and also into 4)____________ and the 5)____________.
1. 23-letter alphabet
2. Europe
3. England
4. Northern Africa
5. Persian Gulf
Inscriptions in capital letters were carved on structures all over the empire.
146 BC
In 146 BC, 1)____________________ were 2)_________________________.
1. Inscriptions in capital letters
2. carved on structures all over the empire
The hand-written counterpart to the carved capitals.
Capitalis Quadrata
Transformed which were very condensed in width, so that more text could fit onto parchment and papyrus, which were still expensive materials.
Rustica Capitols
An everyday Roman script had developed for transactions, bookkeeping and correspondence.
400 AD
Written letter forms were much more informal in shape compared to the structured capitals.
400 AD
Letters begin to flow together to save time and space on parchment.
400 AD
This was the earliest sign of lowercase letter forms, which ascenders and ligatures between the letters.
400 AD
Brought a bible with him to Ireland.
St. Patrick
St. Patrick, Brought a bible with him to ___________?
Ireland
Began producing their own elaborately designed bibles.
British
British began producing their own ___________________?
elaborately designed bibles
The Celtic style of lettering involved writing the letters within 1-inch square guides.
Uncials
In Uncials, 1)__________________ involved writing the letters within 2)_________________.
1. Celtic style of lettering
2. 1-inch square guides
Small half-uncials appeared, which closely resembled our lower modern lowercase letters.
Around 600 AD
The letters were extended to the lowercase letters word spacing was increased to improve readability.
Around 600 AD
The ruler Charlemagne controlled most of Europe.
Later 700 AD
He appointed an english monk to oversee standarized lettering practices for copying texts.
Charlemagne (Later 700 AD)
Were used at the beginning of the sentences and lowercase letters were now a uniform part of fhe Roman Alphabet.
Large Uncials
This style developed into Romanesque hand, and later into the Gothic style in the Germany
Around 900 AD
Was very thick, angular, and tightly set between letters and words to save space. The dot on the lowercasewas added to distinguished it from similar strokes in the m, n, and u.
Gothic Lettering
The Letter “U” was created separately from the “V”, whereas previously the the v was used for both sounds (such us sirivs instead of siruis)
In the 10th Century
The “W” was created in the 12th century to accommodate more European languages, where the “V” would not serve. The “J” evolved from a modified I in the 15th century.
In the 10th Century
This brought the Roman alphabet to 26 letters total.
In the 10th Century
Created his movable type press in the mid-1400
Gutenberg
He modeled his letters upon the style of the scribes at the time.
Gutenberg
The technology advanced and more upright letters were designed from printing.
Gutenberg
Several others designed similar upright, or Roman style., type faces, designed
Gutenberg
Type faces that more closely resembled script writing and these
became quite popular.
Robert Granjon, late 1500's
There were special schools established to teach handwriting techniques or penmanship
Mid-1700s
Master penmen were employed to copy official documents such as;
- land deeds
- birth and marriage certificates
- military commission
- other legal documents
He was commissioned to write the final copy of the Declaration of Independence
Timothy Matlack
He penned the final copy of the Constitution of the United States of America.
Jacob Shallus
He founded the Zanerian College of Penmanship
Charles Zaner (Late 1800’s)
He later sold part interest.
Elmer Bloser
They founded the Zaner-Bloser Company.
Charles Zaner and Elmer Bloser
Created materials to be used in teaching good penmanship as part of a general education
Charles Zener and Elmer Bloser (Zaner-Bloser Company)
In what year that Zener and Bloster published the Zaner Method of Arm Movement developed especially for elementary-aged children.
1904
One of the main styles of handwriting taught to children in the U.S. to this day.
Zaner-Bloster Style
A newer method of teaching.
Donald Neal Thurber mid-1970's
It uses slanted letters to teach printing, affording children to easy transition into cursive writing.
D’Nealian Style
When we think of the origins of paper, our minds wander back over 1)___________ to the 2)____________ - 3) _____________.
1) 5000 years ago
2) Nile River valley in Egypt
3) 3000 B.C.
It was there that a marsh grass
Cyperous Papyrus Flourished
That the word “paper” comes.
Papyrus
The mayans fashioned a similar product for bookmaking
2nd century A.D. in Central America
The mass production of paper became a thriving industry, supplying huge volumes of paper for the production of;
- Newspapers
- Books
- Magazines
- Paper bags
- Toilet paper
- Money
- Including clothing
- Chimneys
- Coffin
Europe and America
Man has put down marks on different materials to make a record or to send messages to other people
Pre historic time
First forms of writing were __________________________?
simple pictures on the walls of caves.
Early writings were on _____________________were used.
stones and metals later skins of animals.
The story of writing instruments is 1)____________________. This is how we know the story of us, by the 2)_________________________.
1) the history of civilization itself
2) drawings, signs and words we have recorded
The caveman's first inventions were the 1)_______________________, the all purpose 2)________________. The latter was adapted into the first writing instrument. The caveman 3)___________________onto the walls of his cave dwelling. The cave drawings represented 4)____________, such as the planting of crops or hunting victories.
1) hunting club and the handy sharpened-stone
2) skinning and killing tool
3) scratched pictures with the sharpened stone toll
4) events in daily life
Developed the earliest means of writing that approached pen and paper.
Greeks
They employed a writing stylus, made of metal, bone of ivory to place wax coated tablets.
Greeks
The first examples of handwriting (purely text messages made by hand) originated in _________?
Greece
Invented the written letter text messages on paper sent from
one individual to another.
The Grecian Scholar, Cadmus
They used papyrus and parchment paper.
Egyptians, Romans, Greeks and Hebrews
One of the oldest pieces of writing on papyrus known to us today
Egyptian Prisse Papyrus
The Romans created a 1)________, perfect for 2)____________ from the 3)_________________, particularly from the 4)______________.
1) reed-pen
2) parchment and ink
3) hollow tubular-stems of march grasses
4) jointed bamboo plant
French maker royal instrument and he described them in a treatise first published in 1709.
Nicolas Bion
Made no claim to be the inventor, nor is there any evidence that he ever made such pens himself - let alone, held a patent on them.
Nicolas Bion
They are made of metal and most use cut quills as nibs
Bion Pen
In what year the Reynolds ball pen was introduced into the United States?
October 29, 1945
The one who promoted the first sale of ballpoints in the United States
Gimbels
GIMBELS
- The ad described the new pen as a 1)"___________________________________________!”
On that first day of sales, sold out its entire stock of 2)_________ pens at 3)___________ each.
- But, actually, this 4)_________ wasn't new at all and 5)____________ than 6)____________ that had been produced before.
1) "fantastic... miraculous fountain pen ... guaranteed to write for two years without refilling!"
2) 10,000
3) $12.50 each
4) new pen
5) didn’t work much
6) ballpoint pens
An American leather tanner patented a roller-ball-tip marking pen and the next stage of development came almost 50 years after the Loud's patent
John Loud (1888)
Improved version invented
Hungary in (1935)
He was very talented and confident of his abilities, but he had never a pursuit that kept his interest and earned him a good living.
Ladislao Biro and George Ladislao Biro
He had studied medicine, art and hypnotism and He was editing a small newspaper where he was frustrated by the amount of time he wasted filling pens and cleaning up ink smudges.
Ladislao Biro and George Ladislao Biro
The sharp tip of his fountain pen often scratched or tore through the newsprint (paper). Determined to develop a better pen.
Ladislao Biro and George Ladislao Biro
Set about making models of new designs and formulating better inks to use in them
Ladislao Biro and George Ladislao Biro
They manufactured a ball pen.
Klines and Eisner
Called ballpen (Czecholovakia)
Rolpen
Sales of rolpen were confined to the Continent and they were not extensive.(d sumikat)
Rolpen with patent No. 807679 (October 19, 1936)
French manufacturer of penholders and pen cases and He went to biro brothers and arranged to pay them a royalty on their patent.
Marcel Bitch
In 1952, he was ready to introduce his new wonder. A clear-barreied, smooth-writing, non-leaky, inexpensive ballpoint pen.
Marcel Bitch
It is a Pen called by Marcel Bitch, the ballpoint pen had finally become practical writing instrument. The public accepted it without complaint.
Ballpoint Bitch
Today it is as standard a writing implement as the pencil.
Ballpoint Bitch
They are still called BIROS and many Bitch models also say "Biro" on the side of the pen, as a testament to its primary inventors.
England