Utilisateur
All chemical reactions in cells. Catabolic - large chemicals broken into smaller ones. Anabolic - complex chemicals built from smaller ones
Monomers are seperated through hydrolysis using water to break a bond.
Monomers are joined togethere by seperating water.
Any substance that nourishes an organism.
Essental Nutrients: Needed and must be supplied from outside body.
Macronutrients: Required in large amounts.
Micronutrients: Required in small amounts.
Necessary nutrients: Needed but body naturaly produces.
Carbohydrates
Protiens
Lipids
Nucleic Acid
Amino Acid - proteins
Fatty Acid - lipids
Minerals
Most Vitanins
Hydrogen Carbonates
Carbonates
Oxides of carbon
all macronutrients and vitamins
A single molecule that can react with other monomers
multiple monomers bonded
Energy, sometimes to make amino acids and lipids
simple single sugars
Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
Same molecular formula and ratio but different structual arrangement
2 monosaccharides
Sucrose (sugar in plants)
Maltose (malt sugar for brewing drinks and germinating seeds)
Lactose (is a milk sugar)
Complex sugars made of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides.
Amylose unbranched plant storage
Amylepectin branched.
Food storage polysaccgaride if animals in muscles and liver cells called granules. Hydrolysis releases glucose
Plant polysaccharide made of thousands of glucose
Beneducts reagent blue to orange/red
Iodine yellow to black (starch)
Non-polar
Made from glycerol and fatty acid
Structural materials (cell membrane, cushions for organs, carries of fat soluable vitamins
Energy reservoire, excess glycogen into fat
Make phospholipids
Fats contaun more than double energy in protiens ans carbs
triglycerides (fats/oils)
Phospholipids (membranes)
Waxes
Sterol
Male hormons Androgen
Female hormones estrogen.
no carbon doubke bond
atleasy one carbon double bond
Animal fats: solid saturated triglycerides
Plant oils: unsaturated fats liquid
Produces saturates fats with high MP common in food industry
Artifical transfats body cannot bream down
linked ti high LDL cholestrol level
Takes longer to metabolize
found i plant and fisb oils, are good
one glycerol and 3 fatty acids linked togethere
lots of energy
stored jn fat cells
polar aide hydropilic
tails hydrophobic
Long carbon chains in ring structures
Basic strucutre begjns wuth cholestrol
also make uo cell membrane
long chain fatty acids bonded with long chain alcohols or carbon rings
very stable, water insoluable
Paper test opaque to clear
sudan 4 black power to pink
double layered sphere used to carry drugs and used in gene therapy to introduce new dna
Long chains of amino acids
polymers
used for making enzymes muacles bone antibodie
each protien has unique amino acid that determines function
20 types amino acid
human make all but 9
constantly made and broken
structual support
enzymes
defense
transport
muscle/movement
a polypeptide is a chain of amino acids joined by peptude bonds (covealent bonds) formed by dehydration synthesis between amino and carboxyl groups
lunear string of amino acid starting with amibo group and ends with carboxyl group
protien form 2 strucutres depending on r groups of amink acids
hair nails spiral structure keratin
beta sheets
flat structute
final 3d shape
secondary hepls fold into final
2 or more pilypeptides form large multi subunit 4 protiens
found i skin bone tendons and ligaments
biuret solution blue to purple
denature no permanant
coagulation permanent
polymers of nuclectide monomers with specific functuons in cells.
genetic materiak the stores information
three phosphaye groups adenin and ribosome sugar
Atp power cellular work
Mechanical muacle contraction chromosome movement
transport pumping substances across membrane
chemical naking macro molecules
spontanouues and release energy