Biology unit 1 review
What is an element made up of
atoms
What is the difference between carbon-12 and carbon-14
Carbon-12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons and is stable and most common isotope, while carbon-14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons and is unstable and radioactive
How does extreme heat affect the speed of a reaction time?
It can increase temperature speeds up a reaction because molecules move faster and collide more often. However, extreme heat can denature enzymes by breaking their structure, which decreases or stops the reaction.
How does high concentration of energy affect the speed of a reaction time?
If energy refers to heat or kinetic energy, it can increase reaction rates by providing molecules with more activation energy. However, too much energy can damage molecules or denature enzymes.
How does low concentration of substrate affect speed of reaction time?
A lower concentration of substrate reduces the frequency of enzyme-substrate collisions, slowing the reaction rate.
How does extreme basic enviroment affect the speed of a reaction?
Most enzymes have an optimal pH. Extreme basic (high pH) conditions can alter the enzyme’s shape and charge properties, leading to reduced activity or denaturation.
What is an oxidation-reduction reaction?
An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction involves the transfer of electrons between molecules. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, while reduction is the gain of electrons. These reactions are crucial in energy production, such as in cellular respiration. Or when one substance loses electrons (oxidation) and another gains electrons (reduction).
How does a competitive inhibitor affect the work of an enzyme
Competes with the substrate for the enzyme’s active site, reducing reaction speed by preventing substrate binding.
How does a non-competitive, inhibitor affect the work of an inhibitor
It binds to a site other than the active site, changing the enzyme’s shape and reducing its ability to catalyze the reaction, making it not work properly.
How does a activator affect the work of an enzyme
Increases enzyme activity by enhancing its shape or stability, making the active site more effective.
how can humans digest plant starch and amylose, but not cellulose.
Humans can digest plant starch and amylose because we have enzymes (a.k.a amylase) that recognize and break their alpha-glycosidic bonds. However, cellulose has beta-glycosidic bonds, which human digestive enzymes cannot break. This illustrates enzyme specificity, meaning enzymes only work on specific substrates with the correct bond structure.