Bio 20. pg 1 - 21
Metabolism
All chemical reactions in cells. Catabolic - large chemicals broken into smaller ones. Anabolic - complex chemicals built from smaller ones
Hydrolysis
Monomers are seperated through hydrolysis using water to break a bond.
Dehydrolysis
Monomers are joined togethere by seperating water.
Nutrients
Any substance that nourishes an organism.
4 types of nutrients.
Essental Nutrients: Needed and must be supplied from outside body.
Macronutrients: Required in large amounts.
Micronutrients: Required in small amounts.
Necessary nutrients: Needed but body naturaly produces.
4 Types Of Organic Molecules
Carbohydrates
Protiens
Lipids
Nucleic Acid
Essential Nutrients From Food
Amino Acid - proteins
Fatty Acid - lipids
Minerals
Most Vitanins
Minor Inorganic compounds
Hydrogen Carbonates
Carbonates
Oxides of carbon
Organic compounds
all macronutrients and vitamins
Monomer
A single molecule that can react with other monomers
polymer
multiple monomers bonded
What are carbs used for?
Energy, sometimes to make amino acids and lipids
What are monosaccharides
simple single sugars
Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
Isomer
Same molecular formula and ratio but different structual arrangement
Disaccharide
2 monosaccharides
Sucrose (sugar in plants)
Maltose (malt sugar for brewing drinks and germinating seeds)
Lactose (is a milk sugar)
polysacchride
Complex sugars made of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides.
Amylose unbranched plant storage
Amylepectin branched.
Glycogen
Food storage polysaccgaride if animals in muscles and liver cells called granules. Hydrolysis releases glucose
Cellulose
Plant polysaccharide made of thousands of glucose
positive carb test
Beneducts reagent blue to orange/red
Iodine yellow to black (starch)
Lipids
Non-polar
Made from glycerol and fatty acid
Structural materials (cell membrane, cushions for organs, carries of fat soluable vitamins
Energy reservoire, excess glycogen into fat
Make phospholipids
Fats contaun more than double energy in protiens ans carbs
main groups of lipids
triglycerides (fats/oils)
Phospholipids (membranes)
Waxes
Sterol
Male hormons Androgen
Female hormones estrogen.
Saturated fats
no carbon doubke bond
unsaturated fats
atleasy one carbon double bond
Fatty Acids
Animal fats: solid saturated triglycerides
Plant oils: unsaturated fats liquid
Hydrogenation
Produces saturates fats with high MP common in food industry
Artifical transfats body cannot bream down
Trans Fats
linked ti high LDL cholestrol level
Takes longer to metabolize
Omega 3 fatty acids
found i plant and fisb oils, are good
Tryiglycerides
one glycerol and 3 fatty acids linked togethere
lots of energy
stored jn fat cells
phospholipids
polar aide hydropilic
tails hydrophobic
Steroids
Long carbon chains in ring structures
Basic strucutre begjns wuth cholestrol
also make uo cell membrane
waxes
long chain fatty acids bonded with long chain alcohols or carbon rings
very stable, water insoluable
Lipid Test
Paper test opaque to clear
sudan 4 black power to pink
Liposome
double layered sphere used to carry drugs and used in gene therapy to introduce new dna
Protien
Long chains of amino acids
polymers
used for making enzymes muacles bone antibodie
each protien has unique amino acid that determines function
20 types amino acid
human make all but 9
constantly made and broken
structual support
enzymes
defense
transport
muscle/movement
Protien synthesis
a polypeptide is a chain of amino acids joined by peptude bonds (covealent bonds) formed by dehydration synthesis between amino and carboxyl groups
Protien primary
lunear string of amino acid starting with amibo group and ends with carboxyl group
protien secondary
protien form 2 strucutres depending on r groups of amink acids
hair nails spiral structure keratin
beta sheets
flat structute
tertiary protien
final 3d shape
secondary hepls fold into final
quaternary
2 or more pilypeptides form large multi subunit 4 protiens
collagen
found i skin bone tendons and ligaments
protien test
biuret solution blue to purple
Protien problem
denature no permanant
coagulation permanent
nucleic acids
polymers of nuclectide monomers with specific functuons in cells.
DNA
genetic materiak the stores information
Adenosine triphosphate ATP
three phosphaye groups adenin and ribosome sugar
Atp power cellular work
Mechanical muacle contraction chromosome movement
transport pumping substances across membrane
chemical naking macro molecules
Exergonic reaction
spontanouues and release energy