Psychology
what is reconstructive memory?
Memories are not reproduction but reconstruction (Constructing the memory again).
who argued about reconstructive memory?
Fredric Charles Barlet (1932)
how do we store events in memory?
we store it through fragments of information and when we recall something we build (Reconstruct) these fragments into a meaningful whole
The role of a schema in memory?
mental package of belief and expectations that influence memory.
shortening
when part of ur memory dont fit in with ur schemas are left out. (e.g unfamiliar details) so ur what u remember is shorter.
Rationalisation
memory are recalled but un a distorted way that fits ur schema. Changing an event because it doesn't match ur relevant schemas (to make sense of unfamiliar memories)
Confabulation
Memories being invented to fill ij 'gaps'. It's not deliberate and it doesn't happen randomly (guided by schema).
Remebering-LTM
process of retrieving information from Long Term Memory to Short Term Memory to use it as required.
Recognition and Recall
Memory is the ability of being able to identify something as have been encountered in the past (may notcrecall anything)
Who researched about Recognition and Recall?
Bahrick (1975)
Whats the encoding of Recognition and Recall?
Semantic (through meaning e.g. requiring memory of what the words mean)
Whats episodically?
recalling episodes or events like a camera film
what was the procedure of the Bahrick study?
Using 392 ex-high school students of various ages. That graduted high school from 2 weeks to 57 years and were asked to recall classmates (Recall group) also shown photograph
What was the finding of Bahrick research?
memories can be held in long term memory without distoring for a very long period of time. however, result of old age can effect the memory.
Retrieval cues
Trigger that allows memory to access information and often coded at the time of learning.
what are the 2 cues?
External cues and Internal cues
what is External cues?
things like physical location can trigger the memory
What is internal cues
Things like ur mood can trigger the memory
why must cues be present at the time of encoding?
As they help us retrieve and recall memories accurately meaning without the same cues present we may forget the information.
What research could back this up?
Goodwin et al (1969)
what was the Godween et al research?
the research found that when people encoded information when drunk, they are more likely to recall it when in the same state.
Whats encoding?
the initial process of transforming sensory information into a format that the brain can store and later retrieve,
Whats capacity?
The maximum amount that something can contain
Whats Duration
The time during which something continues/ How long it stays in the brain
what is Sensory memory
The short-term storage of memory received through wt least one of the five senses
what is Short-term memory?
Its the capacity for holding a small amount of information in an active readily available state for a short interval
whats long-term memory?
uts the capacity to recall memories from a longer time ago
Whats the 3 main wats in which information can be encoded?
Acoustic (sound), Visual (picture) and Semantic (meaning)
whats the encoding for short-term memory?
Primarily acoustic, even translating visual information to sound
whats Short-term memories capacity?
Only 7 items can be stored at a time. Miller stated 7 +/ -2
what is short-term memory duration?
The duration is 15 to 30 seconds
Whats are the 2 different type of long-term memory?
Explicit (Concious) and Implicit (Unconcious)
whats the long-term memory encoding?
Semantic and Visual however it may also be acoustic
whats the capacity of long-term memories?
Theoretically the capacity could be UNLIMITED
Whats the duration of long-term memories?
may be for a few minutes or a lifetime.
Whats the information processing model?
Input= The eviroment via the sense
Processing= Info is coded and processed e.g. using schema
Output= Observable behaviour
What is the Computer analogy?
comparing the human mind to a computer.
Comparing how we take information (INPUT) store it or change it (PROCESS) and then recall it when necessary (OUTPUT)
What is Cognitive priming?
Refers to the way in which violent images provided us with readg-made scripts about aggression which are stored in memory and triggered when we perceive aggressive cues in sutuation.
What us repetition priming?
when u encounter the prime (e.g the word avacado) you proccess it make quickly when u see or hear it later than u otherwise would have done.
what is Semantic priming?
when 2 stimuli mean the same thing or have similar feature (e.g if u see or hear the word "COMPUTER" it may be easier to recall the word "LAPTOP")
what is Associative priming?
The prime and the later stimulus are related but not semantically. (e.g. fish and chios are often paired meaning if ur expose to one ur more likely to recognise or recall the other.)
what us cognitive scripts?
contaning knowledge on how social situation 'plays out'. Including what we USUALLY EXPECT to happen, how we should BEHAVE and the CONSEQUEBCES are.
what is persona perception?
Person perception is how we judge others. It includes their looks and actions. First impressions are important. Stereotypes can shape our views. We explain behaviors by personality or situation. It helps us interact.
what study supports person perception?
Bower et al (1979)