CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AO1
what are the 4 d's of diagnosis
-deviance
-dysfunction
-distress
-danger
what is the suggested 5th d?
duration
what is deviance?
behaviours and emotions which are viewed as socially unaccaptable
what is dysfunction?
abnormal behaviour which significantly interferes with everyday tasks
what is distress?
clear unhappyness due to abnormality
what is danger?
behaviour that harms or puts the person themselves or others in danger
give an example of something effected by dysfunction
not going to work, maintaining relationships, looking after yourself
what is the dsm?
diagnostic statistical manual (describes symptoms, features and associated risk factors)
how many disorders are in the dsm?
over 300
who publishes the dsm?
APA (american psychological association)
what version of the dsm are we currently on?
dsm 5
what is the idc?
international classification of diseases
who publishes the icd?
who (world health organisation)
what version of the idc are we currently on?
idc 11
what is construct validity?
the extent to which your test has been operationalised to test what it says it is going to
what is aetiological validity?
if multiple people have the same disorders are their symptoms the same
what is concurrent validity?
the extent to which one 2 studies' findings match up with eachother
what is predicative validity?
studies from different times being compared if their findings are the same
what is convergent validity?
the extent to which one measure matches with a similar measure , (if social anxiety and fear of people were paired they should have a similar finding)
what study supports the dsm?
kim-cohen
what study supports the icd?
mason
which study goes against classification systems?
rosenhan
what is intra-rater reliability
a single individuals consistency of measurement
what is inter-rater reliability
comparing results from 2 or more raters/people
what is test-retest reliability
repeating a test after some time to see if the results vary
what are the 4 key symptoms of schizophrenia?
-thought insertion
-hallucinations
-delusions
-disorganised thinking
what are 3 features of schizophrenia?
-onset during 20's (early for men, late for women)
-lifetime prevelance of 0.3% to 0.7%
-females are more often diagnosed than men
what is the name for excess dopamine levels in the brain?
hyperdopaminergia
how is sz and hyperdopaminergia linked?
drugs like chlorpromazine have been found to alleviate symptoms of sz, but have also led to an increase in tremors and muscle rigidity, which is linked with parkinsons, a condition caused by low levels of dopamine
what is a neurotransmitter?
chemical message sent from the brain all around the body
what did davis et al find (sz)
positive symptoms of sz (hallucinations and delusions) may be caused by excess dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway
what is the name for low levels of dopamine in the brain?
hypodopaminergia
what does low levels of dopamine lead to (sz)
negative symptoms (lack of speech and movement)
what do high levels of dopamine lead to
positive symptoms (hallucinations and delusions)