APCO 1P01 Midterm Cue Cards
L1: when was web created and when was the big data era?
- web was created in 1989/90
- big data era was in 2010: they started to collect and share data about us
L1: what is data
- the symbols that represent things
- a name, number, the colors in a photograph, the notes in a music composition
L1: what is digitization?
- process of converting information into digital data that can be manipulated by electronic devices
L1: what is character data? what is it commonly referred to as?
- letters, symbols, and numerals that are not used in calculations
- ex.) name, address, hair color
- commonly referred to as "text"
L1: what are the types of codes that can represent text? (4)
- ASCII
- Extended ASCII
- Unicode
- UTF-8
L1: what does ASCII stand for?
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
L1: Bit vs. Byte?
Bit (b): binary digit
- used for data rates such as internet speeds, download speeds, WiFi, etc.
Byte (B): group of 8 bits
- used for file sizes, flash memory, etc.
L1: what is compression? what software is used? what might the files end with?
- data transformation, file size is reduced so it contains fewer bits
- commonly referred to as "zipping"
- software used in compression utility or zip tool
- may end with: .zip, .gz, .pkg, .tar.gz
- process of reconsitituting files is called: extracting or unzipping
L1: digital audio basics: what is a sampling rate?
- the number of times per second that a sound is measured during the recording process
(higher sampling rates increase the quality of the recording but need more storage)
- measured in kHz or KB
L1: graphics: what two types of computer graphics evolved?
- Bitmap (most used)
- Vector
L1: what is image resolution?
- number of pixels in an image
- high resolution graphics contain more data than low-resolution graphics
L1: in digital video, what is a frame and what is a frame rate (fps)?
frame: each bitmap image that is displayed rapidly
frame rate (fps): the number of frames that are displayed per second
L1: in digital video, what is an aspect ratio?
- the proportional relation between the width and height of an image or video frame
- X:Y means that for every X horizontal pixel, the image has Y vertical ones
L1: what is the rule of thumb for video compression?
- the higher the video quality, the higher the bit rate
- the lower the video quality, the lower the bit rate
L1: what is bit rate?
- it is a unit
- the number of bits that are processed per second
- (b/sec or bps) or (Kbit/s or Kbps)
L1: what is a codec? and what are some popular ones?
- (compressor/decompressor) is the software that:
-> compresses a video stream when a video is stored
-> decompresses the file when the video is played
- examples: MPEG, DivX, H.264, Windows Media Video
L2: what is a computer and what are its 4 roles?
- a multipurpose device
1. Accepts input
2. Processes data
3. Stores data
4. Produces output -> operates based on a series of instructions
L2: what is input? what is output?
Input: whatever is typed, submitted, or transmitted to a computer
Output: result produced
L2: what handles the computer's processing?
Cental Processing Unit (CPU)
L2: what does the term "stored program" mean?
- that a series of instructions for computing a task can be loaded into a computer's memory
-> this allows the computer to be multi-tasking so we can switch from one task to another
L2: 3 main types of computer software?
1. Application software:
- help a person carry out a task, e.g. word processing
2. System software:
- oversee the computer system, e.g. operating system
3. Development tools:
- tools used for creating software applications, web sites, operating systems, utilities, e.g., Eclipse, Github, etc.
L2: what is a dictator in a computer?
- complex software that saves time
L2: what are microprocessors
- integrated circuit designed to process instructions
- most expensive and important component of a digital device
L2: what factors affect a microprocessor's performance?
- clock speed, number of cores, cache size, etc.
L2: what is a micro-core processor? what are their benefits?
- a computer processor w/ two or more separate processing units (CPUs), called cores
- they produce high-performance computing (HPC)
- having multiple cores allow PCs to run multiple programs at the same time with greater performance
-> more cores = more processing
L2: are quad-core or dual-core processsors sufficient for a standard computer user?
- yes.
L2: device memory: what is RAM?
- Random Access Memory
- a temporary holding area for data, application program instructions, and the operating system
- it is volotile -> need power to hold data, so you have to save your work often
- the more RAM capacity, the higher the price
L2: what is ROM?
- Read-Only Memory
- type of memory circuity that is housed in a single integrated circuit on the system board
- contains a small set of instructions and data called the boot loader (that tells the computer how to start)
L2: what is storage?
- the components of a digital device designed to hold data permanently
- is non-volatile: does not need a power source to hold the data permanently
- where your files go and stay when you save them
L2: two types of storage options?
1. Hard disk drives (HDDs)
- spinning disks and arm with heads
- legacy technology
- cheaper than SSD
2. Solid state drives (SSDs)
- aka Flash memory - data is stored in integrated circuits
- smaller than HDD
- faster than HDD
- more expensive than HDDs per amount of storage
- more durable than HDD
L2: what does Cloud storage and backup involve?
- saves a copy of data on remote storage
- requires internet service
- provide access to date from anywhere
- lets multiple users work simultaneously and synchronize changes
ex.) Apple iCloud, microsoft OneDrive, Google Drive, Dropbox
L3: networks can be classified according to their _____ and ______________________?
size and geographic scope
L3: PAN vs. WAN vs. LAN?
PAN = personal area network
WAN = wide area network
LAN = local area network
L3: is the web the same as the internet?
- no, the web is different than the internet
- is a technology that uses the internet to distribute data
L3: what is an SSL certificate and why is it necessary?
- certificate that helps the browser verify that the site is not pretending to be another site
- sites that use HTTPs are required to present an SSL to the browser
L3: what are cookies? are they dangerous?
- a small chunk of data generated by a web server and as a text file in memory or on disk
- used to monitor your path, gather information, collect personal information, verify you logged on w/ valid ID
- cookies are not dangerous, but might expose your privacy
L3: what is HTML and what is the current vision?
- "Hypertext Markup Language"
- the foundation for professionally designed corporate web sites
- is a markup language because authors markup documents by inserting special instructions called HTML tags into the doc
- the current version is HTML5
L3: what is an HTML document sometimes referred to as?
source document
L3: what are the two sections in HTML documents?
head and body
L3: what is CSS?
CSS = cascading style sheets
- set of detailed style specifications or style rules for an HTML document
- three types of style sheets:
1. Inline
2. Internal
3. External
L3: what are some scripting langauges that make dynamic elements?
JavaScript, PHP, Python
L1: what is the order of bits or bytes branching out (as they get larger)? (Kill My Grandma Terri)
Kilo-, Mega-, Giga-, Tera-
T/F, RAM is used as short-term memory storage for a computer's central processing unit (CPU)? And does it is used for immediate data storage and retrieval?
True and yes
What do you write to define an HTML document?
<html>
What defines document headings?
<h1> to <h6>
what defines information about the document?
<head>
what does LED stand for?
Light Emitting Diode
GIF images are limited to _____ colors
256
which 3 graphic formats offer lossless compression (do no lose any quality)?
TIFF, PNG, GIF
what graphic format uses lossy compression?
JPEG
Popular codecs? (4)
MPEG, DivX, H.264, Windows Media Video
three types of software? (A.S.D)
Application software, system software, development tools
what does 'volatile' mean?
- means it needs power to hold data -> which often means that you will have to save work often
is storage volatile?
- no, it is non-volatile
- i.e. does not need a power source to hold data permanently
bitmap formats by cameras, scanners and graphics software are.. (Butt.Too.Raw.Jump.Pool.Ground)
BMP' TIFF, RAW, JPEG, PNG, GIF
______ bits represent each color value
8 bits
how many bits are required for one pixel?
24 bits are required